Anatomy, imperfectly studied in ancient times, vi. 149.
Anbar, conquest of vi. 9, note. Anchialus, a town of Thrace, spared by Baian, chagan of the Avars, v. 156. The emperor Maurice marches there, 157. Ancona, sieges of, by Frederic Barbarossa, and the archbishop of Mentz, vi. 349. Ancyra, now Angora, the marble of, i. 138. Council of, ii. 64. Taken by the Persians, v. 172. Its present state, vi. 163, note. Battle of, between Tamerlane and Baja- zet, vii. 177.
Andages, a noble Ostrogoth, kills Theodoric, king of the Visigoths in the battle of Chalons, iv. 22.
Andalusia, derivation of the name of, vi. 87, note.
Andalusian Arabs emigrate to Egypt, and conquer Crete, vi. 155, 156, note. Anderida, a British town taken by the Saxons, iv. 223.
Andians, or Quartodecimans, punished by death for celebrating Easter on the wrong day, iii. 233.
Andragathius, kills the emperor Gratian, iii. 216.
Andrew, St., his supposed body conveyed to Constantinople, and he is made the tutelary saint of the city, iii. 298. Andronicus, president of Lybia, excom- municated by Synesius bishop of Ptole- mais, ii. 381.
Andronicus Comnenus, his character, and first adventures, v. 346. Seizes the em- pire of Constantinople, 352. His un- happy fate, 355.
Andronicus, the elder, emperor of Con- stantinople, his superstition, vii. 84. His war with his grandson, and abdication, 89. His death, 91.
Andronicus, the younger, emperor of Con- stantinople, his licentious character, vii. 87. His civil war against his grand- father, 88. His reign, 91. His narriage, to the daughter of the duke of Bruns- wick, 92, note. And to Anne of Savoy, 94. Is vanquished and wounded by the sultan Orchan, 141. His private application to pope Benedict XII. of Rome, 205. Angamala, or Cranganor, an ancient Nesto- rian bishopric in India, v. 262, 263. Angels of the seven cities of Asia, supposed to mean bishops, ii. 52, note. Angelus. See Alexius, Isaac, Theodore. Angles, a Saxon tribe. Origin of their name, iii. 101, note. Invade England, iv. 215, note.
Angles, a Thuringian tribe, 227, note. Their code of laws, ib. Probably formed part of the Varangians of Constantinople, vi. 278, note; 329, note.
Anglo Saxons, their laws against idolatry iv. 153. Have given names to most of our rural parishes, 223, note. Understood the language of the Franks 224, note.
Their laws encouraged manumission,
227. Angora. See Ancyra.
Anianus bishop of Orleans, his pious anxiety for the relief of that city, when besieged by Attila the Hun, iv. 16. Anician family at Rome, history of, iii. 401. Anna Comnena, character of her history of her father, Alexius I. v. 340. Her con- spiracy against her brother John, 342. Her Greek style, vi. 231. Her account of the crusaders, 430. Of her father's victo ríes, 471. Of Bohemond's escape, 472, note. Her ignorance of Western Europe, 473, note.
Anne, the Greek princess, married to the Russian prince, Wolodomir, vi. 210. Anne of Savoy, empress, vii. 94. Her quar- rel with John Cantacuzene, vii. 102. Annibaldi, a family of modern Rome, vii. 386, 460,
Annibalianus, Roman general, i, 399. See Hannibalianus.
Annona, the tribute of corn for the supply of the capital and army, iv. 323. Ansars, Mahomet's auxiliaries of Medina, v. 491.
Anses, the demigods of the Goths, i. 308. Antalas, a chieftain of the Moors in Africa, iv. 500.
Antes, or Anten, a division of the Slavo- nians, iv. 445, note, 448.
Anthemius, emperor of the West, his de- scent, and investiture by Leo the Great, iv. 75. His election confirmed at Rome, 76. Is killed in the sack of Rome by Ricimer, 92.
Anthemius, prefect of the East, character of his administration, in the minority of of the emperor Theodosius the younger, iii. 511.
Anthemius, the architect, instances of his great knowledge in mechanics, iv. 330. Forms the design of the church of St. So- phía at Constantinople, 331, Anthony. See Antony. Anthropomorphites, among the early Chris- tians, personifiers of the Deity, v. 204. Antioch, earliest regular Christian Church founded at, i. 33, note. Defeat and death of Macrinus, 182. Taken and Taken and destroyed by Sapor, king of Persia, 338. Zenobia defeated by Aure- lian, 375. See Imma.
Flourishing state of the Christian church there, in the reign of Theodosius, ii. 72. Synod at, 430. Olympic games of, 546, note. History of the body of St. Babylas, bishop of, 548. The cathe- dral closed, and its wealth confiscated, by the emperor Julian, 549.
Licentious manners of the citizens, iii. 5. Popular discontents during the residence of Julian, 7. Magic perse-
cuted there by Valens, 76. Sedition there, against the emperor Theodosius, 250. The city pardoned, 253.
Antioch, is taken and ruined by Chosroes king of Persia, iv. 472. Great destruction at, by an earthquake, 549.
Again seized by Chosroes II. v. 170. Is reduced by the Saracens, and ran- somed, vi. 47. Is recovered by the Greeks, 178. Besieged and taken by the first cru- saders, 445. Taken by Bondocdar, 520. Antioch, in Hyrcania, the linen of, vii. 167. Antiochus, an officer of the imperial house- hold, ii. 272.
Antiochus, a proconsul of Greece, appointed by Rufinus, iii. 336. Anti-Tribonians, a law sect, v. 2. Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, conspires against John of Cappadocia, iv. 327. Her character, 365. Examines and convicts pope Sylverius of treachery, 418. Her activity during the siege of Rome, 419. Her secret history, 433. Founds a con- vent for her retreat, 541.
Antonines, the Two, found schools at Athens, with salaries for the professors 1. 75, iv. 352.
Antoninus, a Roman refugee at the court of Sapor, king of Persia, stimulates him to an invasion of the Roman provinces, ii. 315.
Antoninus, Marcus, his defensive wars, i. 10. Is adopted by Pius at the instance of Hadrian, 102. His character, 103. His indulgence of Faustina and Commodus, 111. His war against the united Ger- mans, 297. Suspicious story of his edict in favour of the Christians, ii. 134. Antoninus Pius, rampart in Scotland built during his reign, i. 5. His character, and that of Hadrian contrasted, i. 9. Is adopted by Hadrian, 101.
Antoninus, the name revered by the Ro- mans, and assumed by succeeding empe- rors, i. 164, 181, 194. Declined by Alex- ander Severus, 195.
Antoninus Arius, the last representative of the name and virtues of the Antonines, i. 120. Antoninus, a proconsul of Asia, supposed to be Antoninus Pius, before his eleva- tion, ii. 129, note.
Antonius, L. rebels against Domitian in Germany, i 97, note.
Antony, M. gave the library of Pergamus to Cleopatra, iii. 285, note; vi. 66, note. Antony, the first monk, invited to Alexandria by Athanasius, ii. 440, note, iv. 111, note. His history, 108.
Antrustion, a Frank dignity, iv. 187, note. Anulinus, a Roman senator, to whom
Diocletian's father was a slave, i. 421. Anulinus, Maximin's prætorian prefect, i. 236.
Anulinus, a prætorian prefect, gives his support to Maxentius, ì. 480.
Apamea, or Corna, a town at the conflux of
the Euphrates and Tigris, iii. 20. Aper, Arrius, father-in-law to the emperor Numerian, is killed by Diocletian as the presumptive murderer of that prince, i. 420.
Apharban, the Persian, his embassy from Narses to the emperor Galerius, i. 445. Aphdal of Egypt captures Jerusalem from the Turks, vi. 454. Apocalypse, excluded from the sacred canon, why now admitted, ii. 31, note. Disputed by the Alogians, 71. Apocaucus, admiral of Constantinople, hus confederacy against John Cantacuzene, vii. 96. His death, 100. Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, his hypo-
thesis of the divine incarnation v. 207. Apollinaris, patriarch of Alexandria, butch- ers his flock in defence of the catholic doctrine of the incarnation, v. 272. Apollinaris, son of Sidonius, iv. 177. Apolloniates, a lake, reservoir of the springs of Olympus, i. 332.
Apollonius of Tyana, his doubtful character i 374, note.
Apollonius, ambassador from Marcian to Attila, iv. 1.
Apologies of the primitive Christians rely most on the Jewish predictions, ii. 83. Julian's reply to them, 560, note. Apostates from Christianity, how treated, ii. 131.
Apostles, their liberal policy, ii. 51. Their martyrdom doubted, 101. Worship of their supposed relics, v. 129. Apotheosis of the Roman emperors, how this custom was introduced, i. 91. Apparitors, subordinate officers of the great public functionaries, ii. 209. Apsimar dethrones Leontius emperor of Constantinople, and usurps his place, v. 296. Is dethroned and executed, 297. Apulia, is conquered by the Normans, vi. 306. Is confirmed to them by papal grant, 312.
Aqueducts, the noblest monuments of Ro- man greatness, i. 63. Justly praised by Augustus, iii. 419. Fourteen in the city of Rome, iv. 267. Aquileia, besieged by the emperor Maxi- min, i. 234. By Julian and General Jo- vinus, ii. 435. Is taken by Attila, iv. 27. By Alboin, v. 104.
Aquitain, a province of ancient Gaul, i. 25. Possessed by the Visigoths under Wallia, iii. 472. Conquered by Clovis, iv. 178. Its dukes overcome by Charlemagne, v.408. Invasion of the Saracens, vi. 129. Re- covered by Eudes, 132.
Aquyrion, the palace in which Constantine died, ii. 266.
Arabia, Augustus fails in his attempt to reduce it, i. 3. Attacked by the fleets of Trajan, 7. Its situation, soil, and climate, v. 436. Its divisions, 437. Horses, 439.
camels, 440. Cities, 441, notes. The pro- vince of Yemen often conquered, 444. The Turks have only a shadow of juris- diction, 445. Conquered by Mahomet, 502. Its name given by the Romans to one of the provinces of Syria, 444, vi. 24. Arabia, daughter of Justin II. Arabians, their wandering life secured their independence, i 31. Serve both in the Roman and Persian armies, ii. 273. Mer- cenaries of Valens under the name of Saracens, iii. 189. Conquest of Yemen by Nushirvan, v. 138. Supposed prophecy of their perpetual independence, 137, 444. Their pastoral habits, 439. Their va- lour and patience, 445. Government, 448. Predatory warfare, 449. Supposed to be the shepherd kings who subdued Egypt, 450, note. Language, 452 and note. Religion, 455. Reverence for the Caaba of Mecca, 456 and note. Are uni- ted by Abu Beker, vi. 2. Summary of their conquests, 7. They invade Persia, 9. Complete its subjugation, 16. Con- quer Transoxiana, 20. Invade Syria, 22. Take Damascus, 33. Jerusalem, 44. An- tioch, 47. Conclude the Syrian war, 50. Invade Egypt 56. Take Alexandria, 61. Proceed to Western Africa, 72. Take Carthage, 82. Their first descent in Spain, 90. Limits of their conquests, 113. The language of the Koran now dead, ib. note. They besiege Constantinople. 115. Second siege, 119. They invade France under Abderame, 126. Are defeated by Charles Martel, 130. Division of their empire, 138. Their learning 144. Their progress in the sciences, 147. Their dis- dain of foreign idioms, 150. Emigrate from Andalusia to Crete, 155 and note. From Africa to Sicily, 157. Invade Italy, 158. Fall of their empire, 174. Their tactics, 219.
Arabissus, a town of Armenia, where Chry- sostom passed part of his exile, iii. 507. Arabshah, Ahmed Ebn. His history of Timour, elegant but malicious, vii. 160, note. Had travelled, 166, note; 183, note. His account of Bajazet's iron cage and. misfortunes, 183.
Araric, king of the Goths, invades the empire, ii. 262.
drates river. See Chaboras. Arbalist, Balista, or cross-bow, unknown
to the Orientals, and meaning of the term, vi. 442, and note. See Balista. Arbela, the battle of, referred to. i. 266, note. Arbetio, a veteran under Constantine the Great, one of Julian's generals, ii. 493. Leaves his retirement to oppose the usurper Procopius, iii. 74.
Arbogastes the Frank, his military promo- tion under Theodosius in Gaul, and con- spiracy against Valentinian the Younger, iii. 262. Is defeated by Theodosius, and kills himself, 268.
Arcadius, son of the emperor Theodosius, succeeds to the empire of the East, iii. 306. His feeble character, 312. Marries the daughter of Bauto the Frank, 315. Is jealous of his brother Honorius, 324. His ministers encourage the revolt of Gildo, 326. His magnificence, 482. Ex- tent of his dominions, 483. Adminis- tration of his favourite eunuch Eutro- pius, 484. His cruel law against treason, 489. Signs the condemnation of Eutro- pius, 494. His interview with the revolt- ers Tribigild and Gainas, 497. His death, and supposed testament, 510. column still extant at Constantinople, vii. 9, note.
Archers introduced into the Roman army, iv. 366.
Arches, triumphal, of Trajan, i. 62. That of Constantine at Rome decorated with Trajan's trophies, 502. Its inscription, ii. 355. Triumphal arch of Honorius at Rome, iii. 357 and note.
Archipelago, its different names, v. 370; vi. 187 and note.
Architecture, Roman, the general magnifi- cence of, indicated by existing ruins, i. 58. Gothic, its oldest model and pecu- liar characteristics, iv. 269, notes. Ardaburius, his expedition to Italy, to re- duce the usurper John, iii. 525. Ardaric, king of the Gepida, iv. 36. Areobindus, governor of Africa, iv. 499. Arethas, Aryat or Karwaryat, an Arabian Chieftain, iv. 469, and note. Serves un- der Belisarius, 474. Abyssinian account of him, 494, note.
Arethusa, Restan, a city of Syria, ii. 545,
Aretinus, Leonardus Brunus, a reviver of learning in Italy, vii. 427, note. Argentaria, or Colmar, battle of, iii. 181. note.
Argonauts, their war with Amycus, ii. 178, note. The object of their expedition to Colchos, iv. 478.
Argyrus, son of Melo, rebels in Italy, vi. 309. Ariadne, daughter of the emperor Leo, and wife of Zeno, iv. 246. Marriage after- wards with Anastasius, 247.
Arianism, its origin, ii. 405. Creeds, 410. Sects, 412. Viewed at first with indiffe- rence by the emperors, 416. Favoured by Constantius, 419. Councils held to pro- mote it. 423. Professed by Valens, iii. 85. Constantinople its principal seat, 221. Repressed throughout the East by Theodosius, 226. Taught by Ulphilas and adopted by the Gothic tribes, iv. 137. Abandoned by them, 149. Professed by Theodoric, 271.
Arians persecuted Athanasius, ii. 428, their cruelty, 451. Protected the various heretics of Constantinople, but abused their victory over the council of Nice, iii. 222. Displayed less firmness in ad
versity than their opponents, 227.. Per secuted the Catholics in Africa, iv. 138. In Spain, 150. Their writings destroyed, iii. 227, iv. 152. Dispute with the Ca- tholic bishops at Lyons, 170. Arii, a tribe of the Lygians, their terrific mode of waging war, i. 400. Arinthæus, general of the horse to Julian, iii. 16; (afterwards erroneously called Arintheus in some editions of Gibbon.) Serves Valens against Procopius, 73. In the Gothic war, 128.
Ariovistus seizes two-thirds of the lands of the Sequani, iv. 191.
Aristides, his apology for Christianity, ii. 97. His petition to Marcus Antoninus for the cities that had suffered by earth- quakes, iv. 548, note.
Aristobulus, principal minister of Carus, and Diocletian, i. 423.
Aristotle, the first by whom the silk-worm is mentioned, iv. 311, note. Studied by the Arabians, vi. 146. Restored by the Mahometans of Spain to the Latin schools, 147. His logic better adapted to the detection of error than to the discovery of truth, ib. The oracle of the Western uni- versities, but in a barbarous form, vii. 37. Arius, his learning, character, and opinions, ii. 404. Is excommunicated, ib. numerous followers, 405. Is banished by Constantine, 418. Recalled, and his faith approved, 419. His death, ib. Arius, a Roman whose exercise of paternal power was approved by Augustus and Seneca, v. 49.
Arles, Maximian seizes the treasures depo- sited there and re-ascends the throne, i, 486. Synod of, ii. 384, 435. Occupied by the usurper Constantine, iii. 331. Be- sieged by Gerontius, 461. Surrendered to Constantius, the general of Honorius, 463. The seat of government and assem- bly of the Seven Provinces, 480. De- fended by Ægidius against the Visigoths, iv. 18. Captured by Abderame, vi. 129. Armenia, is formed into a Roman province by Trajan, i. 8. Is seized by Sapor king of Persia, 337. Tiridates, the native king, restored, 438. He is again expelled by the Persians, 442. Again restored by treaty between the Romans and Per- sians, 449.
Its conversion to Christianity, ii. 77, 272. Is rendered tributary to Persia, on the death of Tiridates, 273. Character of Arsaces Tiranus, and his conduct to the emperor Julian, iii. 13. Abandoned by Jovian in the treaty of Dura, 48. Is reduced by Sapor to a Persian province, 120. Allowed a precarious neutrality, 122. Its distractions and division between the Persians and the Romans, 521.
History of Christianity in, v. 269. Conquered by the Mongols, vii. 128. Armeniarius, name given to Galerius, i. 425.
Armies of the Eastern empire, state of, under the emperor Maurice, v. 159. Armorica, fabulous settlement of British emigrants by Maximus, iii. 235, note. The provinces of, form a free govern- ment independent of the Romans, 476. Not peopled from Britain, ib. note. Sub- mits to Clovis king of the Franks, iv. 168. The Bretones of this province mistaken for Britons, iv. 85, note. Settlement of Britons in, 219, note.
Armour, defensive, is laid aside by the Romans and adopted by the Barbarians, iii. 271. Manufactories of, at Soissons, iv. 162, note.
Arms of the Roman Legions, i. 14. Army of the Romans, how composed, i. 19.
How commanded, 20, note. Number and disposition of the legions, 21. The power of the general almost despotic, 82. Discipline enforced by Augustus, 96. Con- stantine's military policy, ii. 214. Ad- mission of slaves, 220. Barbarian auxi- liaries, 221. Lands bestowed on veterans, 148, 220, note.
Arnold of Brescia, his heresy and history, vii. 352.
Arnulph, king of Germany, vi. 268. Aromatics, the importation and use of
them at Rome, i. 73, and note. Arpad, king of Hungary, vi. 263, note; 265. His dynasty, 274.
Arragon, derivation of the name, i. 24, note.
Arraceni of Pliny, probably Saracens, v. 447, note.
Arrian, his visit to, and description of, Colchos, iv. 476, 483.
Arrechis, duke of Beneventum, v. 409. Arrogation, Roman ceremony of adoption, v. 60, note.
Arsuces, a king of Armenia under Arcadius, iii. 521.
Arsaces Tiranus, king of Armenia, his cha- racter, and disaffection to the emperor Julian, iii. 13. Withdraws his troops treacherously from the Roman service, 31. His disastrous end, 120. Arsucides of Parthia, rivals of Rome, v. 316. Arsacides of Armenia, deified. Their statues overthrown, i. 439. Their government suppressed by the Romans, iii. 521. Their descendants degraded from the royal dignity, 522. Length of their reign, 523. Arsacius, patriarch of Constantinople, suc ceeds Chrysostom, iii. 506. Arsenius, a bishop contemporary with Atha- nasius, ii. 427
Arsenius, tutor of Arcadius, iii, 315. Arsenius, patriarch of Constantinople, ex- communicates Michael Palæologus, vii. 62. Faction of the Arsenites, 63. Artaban, king of Parthia, is defeated and slain by Artaxerxes king of Persia, i. 250. Artaban, an Armenian prince, kills Gon- tharis, iv. 499. Conspires against the em
peror Justinian, 516. Is pardoned, and | intrusted with the conduct of the arma- ment sent to Italy, 519. Reduces Sicily, 521.
Artabanus, an Armenian refugee, protected by the emperor Leo I., v. 316.
Artabazus, a Persian serving in the Roman army, iv. 503.
Artasires, king of Armenia, is deposed by the Persians at the instigation of his own subjects, iii. 522.
Asia, under the reign of the Caesars, i. 66. Summary view of the revolutions in that quarter of the globe, i. 248. Their cause, according to Montesquieu, iii. 144, note. The pastoral life of its wild hordes, 145. Its inaccessible parts clouded by early fiction, 151. Its seven cities or churches, ii. 52. Their present state, vii. 142. Asia Minor described, i. 29. Amount of its tribute to Rome, 202. Is conquered by the Turks, vi. 376. See Anatolia. Asiarch, the nature of this office among the ancient pagans, ii. 67, note. Aspacurus, king of the Iberians, iii. 120.
Artavasdes, a noble Armenian, whose father saved Tiridates, i. 440. Artavasdus, his revolt against the Greek emperor Constantine V. at Constanti-Aspalathus, the site of Diocletian's palace nople, v. 301, note. A champion of image- worship, 370.
Artaxerxes restores the Persian monarchy, i. 249. Prohibits every worship but that of Zoroaster, 260. War with the Romans, 266. His character and maximis, 268. Artaxarxes, the successor of Sapor, iii. 122,
Artemita, or Dastagerd, a palace of Chos- roes, v. 173, note. See Dastagerd. Artemius, duke of Egypt under Constantius, is condemned to death under Julian, for cruelty and corruption, ii. 495. Artemius, a secretary, becomes emperor, V. 299. See Anastasius II. Artemon, an early heretic; character of his sect, ii. 79.
Arthur, king of the Britons, his history ob- scured by monkish fictions, iv. 221. Artillery, Roman, allotted to each legion, i. 19.
Artogerassa, a city of Armenia, iii. 120. Arts, their decay in the time of Diocletian, i. 466. Of Constantine, 501. Cultivation of them in modern Italy, vii. 469, and
Arvandus, prætorian prefect of Gaul, his trial and condemnation by the Roman senate, iv. 85.
drzanene, one of the five provinces ceded to Rome, i. 448.
Arzema or Arzemidocht, queen of Persia, vi. 11, and note.
As, the Roman copper coin, its weight and value, v. 12. Weighed in transfers of property, 64 note; 93. National standard of value, vii. 360, note. Asan, king of the Bulgarians, vi. 532. Asbad, of the race of the Gepidæ, slays Totila, iv. 526.
Ascalon, battle of, between Godfrey king of Jerusalem and the sultan of Egypt, vi. 460. Ascetics, a name early acquired by the strictest Christians, ii. 46. Precursors of the monastic system, iv. 106. Asclepiodotus, trained in the school of Aure- lian and Probus, i. 399. Reduces and kills the British usurper Allectus, 432. Asgard, the residence of Odin, supposed to be Azof, i. 305, and notes. Theory aban- doned by Gibbon, vii. 451, note.
Aspar is commissioned by Theodosius the Younger to conduct Valentinian III. to Italy, iii. 525. Is sent against the Van- dals in Africa, 539. Places his steward Leo on the throne of the Eastern empire, iv. 74. He and his sons murdered by Leo, 246.
Asper, a Turkish coin, vii. 198, note. Assassins, the principality of, destroyed by the Moguls, vii. 127.
Assemblies of the people: Roman Comitia, abolished, i. 89 and note. Continued for some purposes till the time of Diocletian, v. 60, note. Among the ancient Germans, i. 285, Among the Tartars, iii. 148. See Comitia and Coroultai.
Assyria, a Roman province in the time of Trajan, i. 8. Described, iii. 19. Is in- vaded by the emperor Julian, 21. retreat, 37. (Irak) conquered by the Saracens, vi. 12.
Asta or Asti, besieged by Alaric, iii. 351. Relieved by Stilicho, 352.
Astarte, her image brought from Carthage to Rome, as a spouse for Elagabalus, i. 185
Asterius commands against the Vandals in Spain, iii. 530.
Astingi, a Vandal tribe, ii. 261. dstolphus, king of the Lombards, takes the city of Ravenna, and attacks Rome, v. 383. Is repelled by Pepin king of France,
Astrology, credulously studied by the Ro- mans, iii. 415. Why cultivated by the Arabian astronomers, vi. 149.
Astronomy, cultivated by Almansor and encouraged by his successors, vi. 143. Patronized by the Cæsar Bardas, 229. Applied by Malek Shah to correct the calendar, 381.
Asturias, part of the Roman province of Tarragona, i. 24. The retreat of the
Gothic fugitives, iv, 210, note; vi. 96. Atabeks of Syria, their conquests, vi. 487. Athalaric, the son of Amalasontha, suc-
ceeds his grandfather Theodoric, iv. 284. His education, character, and death, 396, 397. Athanaric, a leader of the Visigoths, his
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