Bezant, or Byzant, a gold coin, vii. 29, note.
Bibars, or Bondocdar, capture of Antioch
by, vi. 520.

Bible, The, translated into Greek, ii. 3, note.
Into Arabic, v. 461, note.
Bidpay. See Pilpay.

Bindoes, a Sassanian prince, deposes Hor-
mouz king of Persia, v. 146. Puts him
to death, 148.

Bineses, the Persian, enters Nisibis, iii. 53.
Birthright, the least invidious of all human
distinctions, i. 215.

Bishops, among the primitive Christians,

the office of, explained, ii. 50. Instruc
tions given by Paul to Titus, for choosing
them, 51, note. Progress of episcopal
authority, 54. Assumed dignity of epis-
copal government, 65. First seen at
Court in the time of Alexander Severus,
137. Number of, at the time of Con-
stantine the Great, 369. Mode of their
election, 370. Their power of ordination,
372. The ecclesiastical revenue of each
diocese how divided, 375. Their power
and social decay coeval, ib. note. Their
civil jurisdiction, 378. Their spiritual
censures, 380. Their legislative assem-
blies, 384. Provoke the enmity of Julian,
508, note; 513, note; 520, note. Their
power and rapacity in the time of Theo-
dosius, iii. 282, note. Founded no schools,
414, note. Encouraged Monachism, iv.
107, note; 119, note. Their power in
Gaul and neglect of education, 167 and
note.

Bishops, rural, their rank and duties, ii. 369.
Bisseni, a mixed tribe in Hungary, vi. 273.
note.

Bissextile, superstitious regard to this year
by the Romans, iii, 66.

Bithynia, i. 29. The cities of, plundered
by the Goths, 331. Conquered by
Orchan, vii. 141.
Blacherne, a subarb of Constantinople, ii.
186, note.

Bleda, brother of Attila, iii. 550.
Blemmyes, their revolt against the emperor
Diocletian, i. 435.

Blinding, incapacitated princes for the
throne. Various modes of effecting it, vii.
61, and note.

Blue faction of the circus. Why called
Veneli, iv. 301, and note. Their violence
at Rome, repressed by Theodoric, 302.
Patronized at Constantinople by Justinian,
304. Their sedition, 306.
Boadicea, her despair, i. 4.
Boccaccio, his Decameron and his services
in restoring the study of Greek, vii. 247.
Bochara, an early conquest of the Saracens,
vi. 21.

Boethius, the prætorian prefect, killed with
Etius, iv. 38.

Boethius explains the Trinity, ii. 407, note.
His birth and education, iv. 277. His
studies, 279. He is accused of treason,

280. Writes in prison his Consolation of
Philosophy, 281. Is put to death, 282.
his writings translated by Alfred, ib.
Bohemia, named from the Boii, i. 276, note.
First united with Germany by Charle-
magne, v. 410.

Bohemond, the son of Robert Guiscard, his
character and military exploits, vi. 333,
423. His route to Constantinople on the
crusade, 429. His attering reception
by the emperor Alexius Comnenus, 433.
Takes Antioch, and obtains the sovereign-
ty of it, 447. His clandestine return to
the West, 472, and note. His death,

473.

Bolingbroke, Lord, his observation on the
papal encouragement of literature, vii.
255, note.. (See this subject again ad-
verted to, 259, note)

Bolsena or Vulsiniensis, a lake of Etruria,
iv. 398, and note.
Bondocdar. See Bibars.
Boniface, the steward of Agläe, ii. 162. The
story doubted, 162, note.

Boniface, count, the Roman general under
Valentinian III., his character, iii. 528.
Is betrayed into a revolt by Etius, 529.
Invites the Vandals into Africa, 530.
His repentance, 535. Is besieged in
Hippo Regius by Genseric king of the
Vandals, 537. Returns to Italy, and is
killed by Etius, 540. His supposed me-
dals, ib. note.

Boniface VIII., pope, his violent contest
with Philip the Fair, king of France, and
his character, vii. 378. Institutes the
jubilee, 382.

Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, is chosen
general of the fourth crusade vi. 543.
Urges the expedition against Constanti-
nople, 545. Is made king of Mace-
donia, vii. 7. Is killed by the Bulga-
rians, 18.

Bonnet of the emperor Baldwin II., vii. 59,
and note.

Bonosus, a general under Aurelian, i. 362,

note. Revolts against Probus, 406
Book, or written law, People of the, an
Arabian designation of Jews, Christians,
and Magians. v. 461, vi. 106, and note.
Borak, a fabulous animal that conveyed
Mahomet, v. 476.

Bordeaux, celebrated by Ausonius, iii. 473,

note.

Borderers, troops of the frontiers, ii. 217.
Borgites, Circassian Mamalukes, vi. 519,
and note.

Borysthenes, its banks occupied by the
Goths, i. 327. Conducted the Russians
to the Euxine. vi 279. Its falls, 281.
Bosphorus, the Cimmerian, i. 328, 332; iii.
410, note.

Bosphorus, the Thracian, the third naval
expedition of the Goths passes through
it, i. 332. Its early history and import-
ance, ii. 177. One of the gates of Con-

War under Calo-John, against the Latin
empire of the East, vii. 14.
Bull-feast, in the Coliseum at Rome, de-
scribed, vii. 462.

Bunsen, Chevalier, his chronology of Egypt,
iv. 309, note.

Burgesses, court of, in Godfrey's Assize of
Jerusalem, vi. 469.

Burgundians, invade the empire and are
repulsed by Probus. i. 399. Occupied
the banks of the Elbe, iii. 98. Advanced
to the Rhine, 99. Origin of their name,
100, note. Formed part of the army of
Radagaisus, 365. Assist the revolt of
Jovinus, 464. Receive from him a grant
of lands in Gaul, on which they perma-
nently settle, 473. Burgundians of the
Rhine, said to be almost exterminated by
Attila, 554, and note. Invaded Belgium,
and said to be removed into Savoy, iv, 6.
Said to be in the army of Attila, 14, and
of Etius, 18, and note. Seated near the
lake of Geneva, 163. Extent of their
kingdom, 169. Their war against the
Franks, 171, and final subjugation, 172.
Their intercourse with Theodoric,258, and
note. Form part of the kingdom of Arles.
v. 415.

Burgundy, county of. Introduction of the
vine there, i. 70, and note.

Burnet, character of his Sacred Theory of
the Earth, ii. 33, note.
Burning-glasses, said to have been used by
Archimedes and Proclus, iv. 328. See
Buffon.

Burrampooter, source of that river, vii. 170,

note.

Busentinus, a river of Italy. The grave of
Alaric, iii. 452.

Busiris, in Egypt, destroyed by Diocletian,
i. 436. Mervan defeated there, vi. 136,
and note.

Butler's Lives of the Saints, cited, v. 131.
Buzurg Mihir, Buzurdhé Mihr, or Perozes,
obtained the "Fables of Pilpay
"for
Nushirvan, iv. 468; v. 141, note.
Byron, Lord, his opprobrious designation of
suicides, v. 92, note. His correction of
an error in Gibbon, vii. 5. His description
of Athens, 82. His character of Scan-
derbeg and the Albanians, 284. His
account of the tomb of Metella, 458, Of
Pompey's statue, 468, all notes.
Byrrhus, the senator, his death, i. 120.
Byzant. See Bezunt.

Byzantine empire. its limits contracted and
its history tedious, v. 284. Its govern-
ment, ceremonies, and officers, vi. 181,
205. Its military force, 212. Tactics, 216.
Literature, 228. Conquered by the La-
tins, 565. Its partition, vii. 5. Recovered
by the Greeks, 34. Finally destroyed by
Mahomet II., 323. List, character, and
editions of its historians, 340, note.
Byzantium, siege of, by the emperor Seve-

rus, i. 153. Is taken by Maximin, 504.

Siege of, by Constantine the Great, 519.
Founded by Byzas and Zeuxippus, ii, 176,
note. Rebuilt by Pausanias, 177, note.
Its wars, ib. Column of Darius erected
there, ib. Its situation described, io.
See Constantinople.

C.

Caaba, or temple of Mecca, its origi
and antiquity, v. 456, and note. De-
scribed, 458. The Koreish its hereditary
guardians, 462. Attacked by Abreha,
463, and note. Its idols destroyed by
Mahomet, 502. Made the kebla, or point
to which the eyes of the nations are
turned in prayer, 478. Stormed and
polluted by the Carmathians, vi. 169.
Cabades, or Kobad, king of Persia, besieges
and takes Amida, iv. 346. Seizes the
straits of Caucasus, 349. Vicissitudes of
his reign, 461.

Cabul, conquered by Nushirvan, iv. 402.
Cadesia, battle of, between the Saracens
and the Persians, vi. 10.

Cudijah, her marriage with Mahomet, v.
464. Is converted by him to his new
religion, 485. Her death, 488. Maho-
met's veneration for her memory, 516.
Cadiz, built by the Phoenicians, i. 204.
Cæcilian, empowered by Constantine to
relieve the churches of Africa, ii. 376.
The peace of the church in Africa
disturbed by him and his party, 389.
Cæcilius, his account of the vision of Con-
stantine the Great, inquired into, ii. 353,
note.

Caecilius, introduced by Aulus Gellius in one
of his colloquies, v. 80, note.
Calestian, senator of Carthage, his distress on
the taking of that city by Genseric, iii. 544.
Cæsar, Julius, his inducement to the con-
quest of Britain, i. 4. Degrades the
senatorial dignity, 79, note. Assumes a
place among the tutelar deities of Rome,
in his life-time, 91. Provoked his fate,
95. His address in appeasing a military
sedition, 198, note. His prudent appli-
cation of the coronary gold presented to
him, ii. 243 Lost his sword at the siege
of Gergovia, iv. 138.

Casar and Augustus, those titles explained
and discriminated, i. 93.

Caesarea, capital of Cappadocia, taken by
Sapor king of Persia, i. 339. Constan-
tius receives there Julian's ambassadors,
ii. 475. Taken by Chosroes, v. 171.
Cæsarea, in Palestine, reduced by the Sara-
cens, vi. 50. Yields to the crusaders,
455. Its lord sits in the upper court of
the Assize of Jerusalem, 467. Recovered
from Saladin by Richard of England,
505.

Cæsarius, son of the duke of Naples, vi. 160.
Casars, of the emperor Julian, the philoso-
phical fable of that work, iii. 1.

Casars, the first. Their pacific policy, i. 3.
Influence of their name and family, 98.
Foreign marriages of the Cæsars, vi. 207.
The progress of the human mind checked
during their empire, 233.

Caf, or Imaus, the great mountain range of
Asia, iv. 451.

Caffa, in the Crimea, its ruin by the Rus-
sians, vii. 110, note.

Cahina, queen of the Moors of Africa, her
policy to drive the Arabs out of the
country, vi. 85.

Cairo, its origin and meaning of its name,
vi. 49, and note. Splendour of its palace,
489. Attacked by the Christians, 491.
Defeat of Louis IX. under its walls,
517.

Cairoan, the city of, founded in the king-
dom of Tunis, vi. 80.

Caled, deserts from the idolatrous Arabs to
the party of Mahomet, v 501. His gal-
lant conduct at the battle of Muta,
506.

his victories under the caliph Abu-
beker, vi. 9. Attends the Saracen army
on the Syrian expedition, 23. His valour
at the siege of Damascus, 27. Distin-
guishes himself at the battle of Aiznadin,
30. Storms Damascus, 33. His cruel
treatment of the refugees from Damas-
cus, 36. Joins in plundering the fair
of Abyla, 37. Commands the Sara-
cens at the battle of Yermuk, 42. His
death, 52.

Caledonia, Christianity introduced there, ii,
78. Its ancient inhabitants described,

iii. 107.

Caledonians, defeated by Agricola, i. 4.
Preserve their independence in the
northern extremity of the island, 6. Ex-
pedition of the emperor Severus and his
sons against them, 165.

Caliphs, or Khalifs, of the Saracens, origin
and meaning of the title, v. 518, note.
Exemplary manners of the four first, 521,
Their austere and frugal habits, vi. 4.
Degeneracy of their successors, 6. Their
conquests 7-96. Their empire, 112. Its
limits, 114. Its triple division, 138. Their
magnificence, 140. Their patronage of
learning. 143. Caliphs of Spain (Ommi-
ades), their library, 145.
Of Bagdad
(Abbassides), subject to the insolence of
their Turkish guards, 166. Their fallen
state, 174. Of Egypt (Fatimites), grant a
free toleration to Christians in Palestine,
392. Become the slaves of their vizirs,
480. Are extinguished by Noureddin, 492.
Caliphs of Bagdad, the last put to death
by Holagou, vii. 128.
Calistus II. Pope, vii. 351.

Calligraphes, Theodosius the Younger, so
named, iii. 515.

Callinicum, the punishment of a religious
sedition in that city opposed by St. Am-
brose, iii. 256.

Callinicus of Heliopolis, defends Constanti
nople by his Greek fire, vi. 123.
Callixene, a priestess of Ceres, in the time
of Julian, ii. 526.

Calmucks, black, return from the con-
fines of Russia to those of China, iii.
159.

Calocerus, a camel driver, excites an insur-
rection in the island of Cyprus, ii. 258.
Calo-John, the Bulgarian chief, receives
the royal title from Innocent III., v. 533,
his war with Baldwin, the Latin emperor
of the Greeks, vii. 14. Defeats, and takes
him prisoner, 15. His savage character
and death, 20.

Calpurnius, his eclogue on the accession of
the emperor Carus, i. 409. Description of
the Coliseum, 416.

Calvary, an annual fair held there, vi. 390.
Calvin, the reformer, compared with Augus
tin, iii. 539, note. His doctrine of the
Eucharist, vi. 251. Examination of his
conduct to Servetus, 252.
Calycadnus, (Saleph or Salefkieh), a river
of Cilicia, vi, 482, and note.
Calydonian boar hunt, iv. 405.
Camara, light ships used on the Euxine, i.
329, note.

Camel, of Arabia, described, v. 440. Day of
the, Ali's victory over Telha and Zobeir,

522.

Camelopardalis, or Giraffe, i. 124, note.
Camisards of Languedoc, compared with
the Circumcellions of Numidia, ii. 455.
Camp of a Roman legion, i. 19.
Campagna of Rome, a dreary wilderness, v.
128.

Campana. See Bells.

Campania, a part of the present kingdom of
Naples, i. 26. Desolated by imperial exac-
tions, ii. 237. Occupied by Alaric, iii.
449. Relieved for five years from four-
fifths of the ordinary tribute, 458. Its
Roman villas, iv. 100.

Campania, Campi Catalaunici, Champagne,
the Allemanni encamp and are defeated
there, iii. 95. Occupied by Attila, iv. 19,

notes.

Camphor, whence imported and how used
in the East, vi. 14.
Camus, a liquor distilled by the Huns, from
barley, iii. 571.

Canada, its climate and circumstances
compared with those of ancient Ger-
many, .i. 274.
Candia. See Crete.

Candidianus, son of Galerius, i. 505.
Caninian law, to restrict manumission. i.
391, note.

Cannibalism, alleged, of the Attacotti, iii.
111. Pretended, of the crusaders, vi.
438.

Cannon, erroneously said to have been early
known in Hindostan and to the Chinese
vi. 300, note; vii. 125, and note. Asserted
use of them by Timour at Angora, 178.

Enormous one of the sultan Mahomet II.
described, vii. 299. Bursts, 309.
Canoes, Russian, description of the, vi. 282.
Cantabrians, the last people of Spain who
submitted to the Romans, i. 24.
Cantacuzene, John, character of his Greek
history, vii. 86. His good fortune under
the younger Andronicus, 95. His re-
joicing, 96. Is driven to assume the
purple, 98. His lively distinction be-
tween foreign and civil war, 99. His
entry into Constantinople, and reign, 100.
Abdicates, and turns monk, 105. His

war with the Genoese factory at Pera,
111. His friendship with Amir the son
of Aidin, 143. Marries his daughter to
Orchan, 100, 145. His negotiation with
pope Clement VI., 207.

Cantacuzene, Matthew, invested with the
purple by his father John, vii. 104.
Cantelorius, Felix, his treatise on the Pre-
fect of the city, ii. 209, note.
Cantemir's History of the Ottoman Empire,
a character of, vii. 139, note.
Capelianus, governor of Mauritania, defeats
the younger Gordian, i. 228.

Capiculi, the palatine troops of the Porte,

vii. 302.

Capistran, a Franciscan friar, assists in the
defence of Belgrade, vii. 278.
Capitation-tax, under the Roman emperors,
an account of, ii. 237. Levied on the
Jews, 109.
Capito, Ateius, the civilian, his character,
v. 31.

Capitol, destroyed in the time of Vespasian
and restored, ii. 109, and notes. The roof
gilt by Catulus, iv. 47, and note. Resi-
dence of the civil magistrate, 86, and
note. Described, vii. 360. Petrarch
crowned there, 394. Remains of the
ancient edifice seen by Poggio and still
existing, 444 and note." Absurd notions
entertained respecting it in the middle
ages, 465, and note.

Capitoline games instituted by Domitian,
vii. 393, note.

Capizucchi, a Roman family, vii. 386.
Cappadocia, its ancient kingdom, i 29. Sup-
plied the Roman cavalry with horses, 17.
Its imperial estates, ii. 227. Its generous
race of horses, 228.

Capraria, isle of, Rutilius's character of the
monks there, iii. 328.

Captives, how treated by the barbarians,
iii. 561, iv. 196. By the Romans, i. 50.
Caracalla, son of the emperor Severus, his
fixed antipathy to his brother Geta, i.
164. Supposed to be the Caracul of Ossian,
165. Succeeds to the empire jointly
with Geta, 168. Murders him, 169. Or-
ders a general massacre at Álexandria,
173. Tendency of his edict to extend
the privileges of Roman citizens to
all the free inhabitants of his empire,
201. His view in this transaction, 212.

Doubles the tax on legacies and inherit-
ances, 212. His nurse and preceptor,
Christians, ii. 135.

Caracorum, the Tartar settlement of, de-
scribed, vii. 132.

Caractacus, his fortitude, i. 4.

Carausius, his revolt in Britain, i. 428. Is
acknowledged by Diocletian and his col-
leagues, 430. Is murdered by Allectus,
431.

Caravans, Sogdian, their route to and from
China, for silk, to supply the Roman
empire, iv. 114

Carbeas the Paulician, his revolt from the
Greek emperor to the Saracens, vi. 243.
Cardinals, their origin, v. 418. The elec-
tion of a pope vested in them, vii.
375. Institution of the conclave, 376.
Carduchians, implore the protection of
Trajan, i. 7. Their mountainous territory,
448. Ancestors of the Curds, 449; vi. 492.
Carduene, the ancient seat of the Cardu-
chians, ceded to Rome by the Persians, i.
448.

Carinus, the son of Carus, i, 409. Created
Cæsar and governor of the West, 410.
Succeeds his father in the empire, 412.
His vices, 413. His magnificent games,
415. His death, 421.
Carizmians, conquered by the Saracens, vi.
21. Invade Syria, 515. Defeated by
Zingis, vii. 122. Subdued by Timour, 164.
Carloman, (Colonian, Kalmeny, Kaloman-
nus), king of Hungary, his transactions
with the crusaders, vi. 415, 416, 428. His
victories in Croatia and Dalmatia, 429,
note.

Carlovingian race of kings, commencement
of, in France, v. 386.

Carmath, the Arabian reformer, his charac-
ter, vi. 167. His military exploits, 168.
Carmelites, from whom they derive their
pedigree, iv. 108, note.

Carnuntum, a Roman station on the Da-
nube, i. 145, note. Theodoric the Ostro-
goth born in its neighbourhood, iv. 244,
note.

Caroccium, the great standard of the Lom-

bards, adopted by the cites of Italy, v.
427, and note. That of Milan deposited
in the Capitol of Rome, vii. 371, and note.
Carpathian mountains, their situation, i. 273.
Carpilio, son of Etius, iv. 4.

Carrago, or Charroy, the circle of wagons

round a Gothic camp, iii. 177, and note.
Carrhe, or Haran, temple of the moon
at, i. 175. Crassus defeated there, ib.
Overthrow of Galerius on the plain near
it, 442. Adhered to Paganism in the
sixth century, ii. 78, note. Julian halts
there, iii. 13. The ancient residence of
the Sabæans and of Abraham, ib., note.
Carruce, or Roman coaches, iii. 407, note.
Carthage, the early centre of commerce and

empire, i. 33. Its splendour under the
the dominion of Rome, 66. The bishopric