of, bought for Majorinus, ii. 141, note.
Religious discord generated there by the
factions of Cæcilian and Donatus, 389.
Its five hundred ecclesiastical ministers,
ii. 374, and note.

Carthage, the temple of Venus there con-
verted into a Christian church, iii. 285.
Conference held there condemns the
Donatists, 533. Is surprised by Gen.
seric, 542.

Carthage, the gates of, opened to Belisarius,
iv. 374. Alterations produced by time in
its site, 375, note. Its walls of, repaired by
Belisarius, 377. A synod held there sup-
presses the Arian worship, 381. Insur-
rection of the Roman troops there, 498.

is reduced and pillaged by Hassan,
vi. 83. Subsequent history of, 83.
Carthagena, a silver mine worked there, i.

204.

Carus, emperor, a chief trained by Aurelian
and Probus. 399. His election and cha-
racter, i. 408. His eastern conquests,
411. His death, 412.

Cashgar, or Kashgar, a frontier province of
the Chinese empire, i. 440, note; vi. 19.
War with Timour, vii. 161. Conquered
by him, 166.

Casilinum, battle of, victory of Narses
over Buccelin, iv. 532.

Caspian and Iberian gates of mount Cau-
casus, distinguished, iv. 348.

Caspian Sea, by what fleets navigated, v. 140,
note. Trade carried on by means of it,
vii. 110.

Cassian, duke of Mesopotamia, ii. 314.
Cassians, a party among the Roman civi-
lians, v. 31.

Cassianus, his Collations and other works
enumerated, iv._117, note. His visit
to the monks of Egypt, v. 205, note.
Cassiodorus, his Gothic history, i. 302. His
account of the infant state of Venice,
iv. 29. Invented the early chronicle
of the Goths, iii. 97, note; iv. 243,
note. Character of his Libri Variarum,
or official letters, 255. Minister of
Theodoric, 265. Public services of his
family in four successive generations, ib.,
note. His long and prosperous life,
266. His epistles afford illustrations of
Theodoric's government, 272, 274. His
regard for Boethius, 278, note. For
Symmachus, 283, note. Minister of Ama-
lasontha, 396. Correspondence with the
Byzantine court, 399, note.

Cassius, Avidius, his rebellion, i. 97, note;
104.

Castile, derivation and date of the name, vi.
183, note.

-Castinus, master-general of the Roman
army in Spain, iii. 530.

Castriot, John, prince of Albania, vii. 279.
Castriot, George. See Scanderbeg.
Catalans, their country and origin of their
name, v. 409; vii. 75, note. Form their

Grand Company, 76. Their services and
rebellion in the Greek empire, 77, 79.
Defeat Walter de Brienne and seize the
duchy of Athens, 81. Assist the Vene-
tians in their war against the Genoese,
113.

Catalaunian Fields. See Campania.
Catapan, governor of the Greek Theme of
Lombardy, vi. 297, and note.
Catechumen, Constantine not received as
one till just before his death, ii. 339. The
rite observed on such occasions, ib., note.
Catharine, titular heiress of the empire of
Constantinople, vii. 35, and note.
Catharine, of Sienna, her influence over
Gregory XI., vii. 421, and note.
Cathay, Northern China, vii. 124, note.
Catholic church, the doctrines of, how dis-

criminated from the opinions of the Pla
tonic school, ii. 401. The authority of,
extended to the minds of mankind, 403.
The Arian controversy, 404. The doxo-
logy, how introduced, and how per-
verted, 446. The revenue of, transferred
to the heathen priests by Julian, 540.

Edict of Theodosius, for the estab-
lishment of the Catholic faith, iii. 220.
The progressive steps of idolatry in, 297.

Persecution of the Catholics in Africa,
iv. 138. Pious frauds of the Catholic
clergy, 145.

How bewildered by the doctrine of
the Incarnation, v. 209. Temporary
union of the Greek and Latin churches,
253.

Schism of the Greek church, vi. 522
Catibah, the camel-driver, his conquests,
vi. 20.

Catti, or Khassi, a tribe in Germany, fathers
of the Hessians, join the Franks, i. 321,
and note. Their war with the Her
manduri, iii. 99, note.

Caucaland, Athanaric retires into, iii. 165.
Caucasus, Caspian and Iberian gates of, iv.

348.

Celtic Gaul, a Roman province, i. 25.
Celtic language, driven to the mountains by
the Latin, i. 47, note. Its preservation,
48; iv. 223.

Celtic nations, the first known inhabitants
of Europe, retired westward as the Goths
advanced, i. 48, note; 271, note. When
hard pressed, their various tribes joined
in a common league, 272, note. Their
character, iv. 206, note.

Censor, the office of, revived by the em-
peror Decius, i. 313. But without effect,
315.

Census, or general survey of landed property,
made every fifteen years in the Roman
empire, origin of the Indictions, ii. 235.
Ceos, or Cos, the manufacture of silk in-
troduced into that island, iv. 311.
Cephalonia, Robert Guiscard dies there, vii.
339.

Ceramio, battle of, vi. 321.

Cerca, the principal queen of Attila receives
Maximin the Roman ambassador, iii. 574.
Cerdic, or Kerdic, the first king of Wessex,
iv. 218, and note.
Ceremonies, Pagan, regarded with horror
by the primitive Christians, ii. 20. Pro-
moted cheerful habits, iii. 291, note.
Prohibited by Theodosius, 292. Intro-
duced into Christian churches, 304. Re-
vived idolatry in them, v. 399. Those
of Mahometanism few and simple, 477.
Ceremony of the court imitated from that
of Persia by Diocletian, i. 456. More
complicated by Constantine the Great, ii.
198. Described by Constantine Porphy-
rogenitus, vi. 181. Offensive to the
crusaders, 484.

Cerinthus, his doctrine, v. 205.
Cerroni, a tribune of Rome, vii, 415.

Ceuta, Septa, or Septem, fortified by Justi-
nian, iv. 381. Held by the Goths, vi. 82,
note.

Ceylon, Serendib, or Taprobane, imperfectly
known by the Romans, iii. 3, note.
Chaboras, Aboras, Chebar, Habor, or Kha-
bour, its conflux with the Euphrates, i.
243. Miscalled by Xenophon Araxes,
447. Boundary between the Roman and
Persian empires, 448. Crossed by Julian,
iii. 15.

Chagun. See Avars and Khan.

Chaibar, seat of the Jewish power in Ara-
bia, v. 499

Chais, M., his letters on the subject of the
Jubilees, vii. 384, note.
Chalcedon, taken by the Goths, i. 331. Its
situation, ii. 179. A tribunal erected
there by the emperor Julian, to try the
ministers of Constantius, 493.

A stately church built there by Ru
finus, minister of Theodosius, in the
suburb of The Oak, iii. 311. Synod held
in it, 505.

Persia, v. 186. General council of, 231,
247.

Chalcocondylas, Laonicus, accompanies the
emperor John Palæologus on his visit to
the Western States of Europe. His
description of them, vii. 212, 216, and
notes.

Chalons, battles of, between Aurelian and
Tetricus, i. 370. Between Jovinus and
the Allemanni, iii, 95. Between the Ro.
mans and Attila, iv. 21. See Campania.
Chamavians, the, reduced and generously
treated by Julian, ii. 331.

Chameleon, a name given to the emperor
Leo V., v. 309.

Chancellor, the original and modern appli-
cation of this word compared, i. 413,

note.

Chant, the Gregorian, v. 133.
Chapels, Pagan, or temples, 424.

Remain-

ing in Rome, in Gratian's time, iii. 276.
Characters, national, the distinction of
how formed, ii. 414; iv. 206, 210.
Chapters, the three, subject of dispute, v.
246.

Chardin, Sir John, his travels, v. 517, note.
Charegites, an Arabian tribe, converted by

Mahomet, v. 490. Rebel against Othman,
521. Plot the assassination of Ali,
525.

Chariots of the Romans. See Carruce.
Chariot-races, how conducted by the Ro-

mans and attended by the emperors, ii.
489, and note. Victories in them com-
memorated by medals, iii. 540, note. Dif-
ference between those of Greece and
Rome, iv. 300.

Charlemagne, his management of his do-
mains, iv. 193, note. Orders the code of
the Angli and the Warini to be reduced
to writing, 225, note. His friendship
with pope Adrian I. v. 385. Couquers
the kingdom of Lombardy, 386. His re-
ception at Rome, 389. Eludes fulfilling
the promises of Pepin and himself to the
Roman pontiff, 392. Admits the false
decretals and donation of Constantine,
393. His coronation at Rome by the
pope Leo III. 402. His reign and cha-
racter, 403. Extent of his empire, 407.
His neighbours and enemies, 409. His
successors, 413. His negotiations and
treaty with the Eastern empire, 416.
State of his family and dominions in the
tenth century, vi. 221. Obtains the mar-
bles of Rome and Ravenna for his palace
at Aix-la-Chapelle, v. 392; vii. 154.
Charles the Fat, emperor of the West,
v. 414. Is deposed, 414.
Charles of Anjou subdues Naples and
Sicily, vii. 70. The Sicilian Vespers, 73.

His character as a senator of Rome, 366.
Charles Martel. See Martel, Charles.
Charles IV. emperor of Germany, his weak-

ness and poverty, v. 432. His public

picture at Edessa, 363. His sepulchre
destroyed by Chosroes II., 171. Pilgrim-
ages to it, vi. 388. Recovered by the
crusaders, 459. Recognized as an apostle
of God in the Koran, v. 472.
Christianity, its progress and establishment,
ii. 1. Five causes assigned, 3. Sugges-
tion of a sixth, ib., note. Based on the
Mosaic law, but its zeal more liberal, 8.
Its first sects, 11. Assisted by the philo-
sophy of the age, 17, note. Satisfied the
two popular wants of the age, 27, note.
Its progress assisted by the large funds
of its priesthood, but its spirit corrupted,
62, and note. Promoted by the scepticism
of the Pagans, 68. Resisted by the Jews
after the conversion of the Gentiles, 69,
note. Historical view of its extension, 70.
Its slow progress in the West, 75, and
note. Not confined to the Roman empire,
77. Received by all orders of men, 80.
Lost its internal purity as its outward
splendour increased, 81. Its public es-
tablishment in the Roman empire, 338.
Cautiously accelerated by Constantine,
340. Compared with the philosophical
system of Plato, 392. Antioch its first
centre of action, 396, note. Effects of
its intestine divisions, 456. Julian's aver-
sion and its causes, 507, and note. Its
altered character, 513, note.

Its easy
and lasting victory under the emperor
Jovian, iii. 60. Adopted by the Roman
senate, 279. Corrupted by Pagan cere-
monies, 305. Influence of its abuses on
the fall of the Roman empire, iv. 235.
Preached to the Goths by Ulphilas, 131.
Change produced by it in their moral and
political condition, 135. Deeply rooted in
Abyssinia, v. 278. Adopted by Olga
great princess of Russia, vi. 290.
Christians, primitive, the various sects into
which they branched out, ii. 16. Ascribed
the pagan idolatry to the agency of
demous, 19. Believed the end of the
world to be near at hand, 29. The mira-
culous powers ascribed to the primitive
church, 35. Their faith stronger than in
modern times, 39. Their superior virtue
and austerity, 40. Repentance, a virtue
in high esteem among them, 41. Cen-
sure of luxury, 44. Their notions of
marriage and chastity, 45. They dis-
claim war and government, 46. Were
active however in the internal govern-
ment of their own society, 49. Bishops,
VOL. VII.

50. Synods, 53. Metropolitans and
primates, 56. Bishop of Rome, 56. Their
probable proportion to the pagan sub-
jects of the empire before the conversion
of Constantine the Great, 78. Inquiry
into their persecutions, 86. Why more
odious to the governing powers than the
Jews, 91. Their religious meetings sus-
pected, 96. Supposed secret rites, 96.
Are persecuted by Nero, as the incen-
diaries of Rome, 102. Instructions of
the emperor Trajan to Pliny the Younger
for the regulation of his conduct towards
them, 113. Remained exposed to popu-
lar resentment at public festivities, 114.
Legal mode of proceeding against them.
116. The ardour with which they courted
martyrdom, 127. When allowed to erect
places for public worship, 136. Their
persecution under Diocletian and his
colleagues, 149. An edict of toleration
for them published by Galerius just be-
fore his death, 164. Some considerations
necessary to be attended to in reading
the sufferings of the martyrs, 167. Edict
of Milan published by Constantine the
Great, 342. Political recommendations
of the Christian morality to Constantine,
344. Theory and practice of passive
obedience, 345. Their loyalty and zeal,
348. The sacrament of baptism, how
administered in early times, 362. Ex-
traordinary propagation of Christianity
after it obtained the imperial sanction,
364. Becomes the established religion,
of the Roman empire, 367. Spiritual
and temporal powers distinguished, 367.
Review of the episcopal order in the
church, 369. The ecclesiastical revenue
of each diocese, how divided, 377. Their
legislative assemblies, 384. Edict of Con-
stantine the Great against heretics, 386..
Mysterious doctrine of the Trinity, 395.
The doctrines of the Catholic church,
how discriminated from the opinions of
the Platonic schooi, 401. General cha-
racter of the Christian sects, 456. Chris-
tian schools prohibited by the emperor
Julian, 541. The Christians are removed
from all offices of trust, 543. Are obliged
to reinstate the pagan temples, 544.
Their imprudent and irregular zeal
against idolatry, 557.

Christians, distinction of, into vulgar and
ascetic, iv. 106. Conversion of the bar-
barous nations, 130.

Christopher, son of Romanus Lecapenus, V.

323.

Chrysanthius, Neo Platonist, ii. 506, notes.

Refuses Julian's invitation, 527.
Chrysaphius, the eunuch, engages Edecon.
to assassinate Attila, iii. 578. Is put
to death by the empress Pulcheria, 581.
Was present at the second council of
Ephesus, v. 228.

Chrysocheir, general of the revolted Pauli
2 K

cians, overruns and pillages Asia Minor, |
vi. 244. His death, 245.
Chrysoloras, Manuel, the Greek envoy, his
character, vii. 249. His comparison of
Rome and Constantinople, 260.
Chrysopolis, battle of, between Constantine
the Great and Licinius, i. 520. Now
Scutari, ii. 179.

Chrysostom, St., his computation of the
number of Christians in Antioch, ii, 72.
His objections to death-bed baptism, 362,
note. His eloquence, 384. His account
of the luxury of the emperor Arcadius,
iii. 482. Protects his fugitive patro
Eutropius, 495. His promotion to the
archiepiscopal see of Constantinople, 500.
His character and administration, 501.
His persecution and exile, 505. His
death, 508. His relics removed to Con-
stantinople, 508. His encomium on the
monastic life, iv. 114, note.
Churches, Christian, first erected, ii. 136.
Demolition of, under Diocletian, 156.
Splendour of, under Constantine the
Great, 376. Seven, of Asia, fate of, vii. 141.
Cibalis, battle of, between Constantine the
Great and Licinius, i. 509.

Cicero, our best guide as to the opinions of
the ancient philosophers, i. 38, note. The
legacies which he received, 211. His
view of the philosophical opinions as to
the immortality of the soul, ii. 23. Did
not understand Plato's Timæus, 401.
note, His encomium on the Twelve Tables,
v. 10. His discourse on the ballot, 13,
note. His ridicule of legacy-hunters mis-
understood by Cujacius, 22, note. His
friendship for Servius Sulpicius, 26. Sys-
tem of his Republic, 27. His character
of, and correspondence with, Trebatius,
28, and note. His definition of gentiles,

vi. 24, note.
Cilicia, a Roman province bordering on
Syria, i. 29. Conquered by Sapor, 339.
Heraclius encamps there on his first ex-
pedition, v. 160. Reduced by the Sara-
cens, vi. 53. Recovered by the Greek
emperors, 177. Occupied by Tancred and
a detachment of the crusaders, 444. The
emperor Frederic Barbarossa drowned
there, 482.

Cilician gates, the narrow pass between that
province and Syria, v. 180, note.
Cimitar. See Scimitar.

Cimmerian darkness, the expression of,
whence derived, iii. 409, note."
Circassians, supply a large part of the
Mamalukes, vi. 519, and notes. The Cos-
sacks descend from them, vii. 129, note.
Their dynasty prevails among the Mama-
lukes, 173.

Circesium, the Carchemish of Scripture.
Its situation, i. 243, note. Fortified by
Diocletian, 448. Almost insulated, iii. 15,
and note. An important frontier station,
iv. 343.

Circumcellions of Africa, Donatist schis-
matics, history of their revolt, iii. 453.
Their religious suicides, 456. Persecu-
tion of, by the emperor Honorius, iii. 533.
Assist the Vandals, 534.

Circumcision of both sexes, a physical cus-
tom in Ethiopia, unconnected with re-
ligion, v. 282. Practised by the Arabian
pagans, 459.

Circus, Roman, the four factions in, de
scribed, iv. 301. Constantinople, and
the Eastern empire, distracted by similar
factions, 302.

Circus Agonalis, its carnival sports, viii.

462.

Citeaux, the monastery in which Bernard
first buried himself, vi. 483.

Cities in the Roman empire enumerated,
i. 64. Connected by public highways,
67. Ceremonies observed by the Romans
in founding new ones, ii 135. Many in
Gaul destroyed by Attila, iv. 15, and note.
Those of the empire decorated by Jus
tinian, 335. Free cities of Italy, their
rise and government, v. 426. Free and
imperial cities of Germany, 431. Cities
of Arabia, 441.

Citizens of Rome, motive of Caracalla for
extending the privileges of, to all the
free inhabitants of the empire, i. 212.
Political tendency of this grant, 212.
Citizenship, Roman, Gibbon's views of,
neither complete nor precise, i. 46, note
by Wenck.

Citron-wood, an expensive fashion in Rome,
vi. 78. Cedar-wood according to some
MSS., ib., note.

Civilians of Rome, origin of the profession,
and the three periods in the history of,
v. 24.

Civilis, the Batavian, his successful revolt
against the Romans, i. 295.
Clairvaux, a monastic colony from Citeaux,
brought by Bernard, vi. 484.
Clari, title given by Constantine to his

senators of the second order, ii. 195, note.
Clarissimi, the senators of Old Rome, so
styled, ii, 195, note. Or honourable, title
given by Constantine to his magistrates
of the third class, 199. Its members, 210.
Classics of Greece and Rome, their value;
superstition alarmed by their lessons of
civil and religious freedom, vi. 151.
Claudia, Livy's ambiguous account of her
miracle, ii. 510, note.

Claudian the poet, and panegyrist of Stili-
cho, his poem on the Gildonic war, ii.
194, note. His works supply the defi
ciencies of history, iii. 317. Celebrates
the murder of Rufinus, 323. His epi
gram on the old man of Verona, 348.
His description of the banks of the Rhine,
374, and note. His death and character,
389. His statue; doubtful authenticity
of its inscription, 390, note. His charac
ter of the eunuch Eutropius, 485.