Claudius, invested with the purple in the camp of the Prætorians, compelled the senate to ratify their choice, i. 96. Im- poverished the treasury by his donations, 27, note. His character, 106.
Claudius II. defends Thermopyla in the Gothic war, i. 313, note. On the Danube, 334, note. His elevation to the throne, character, and reign, 353, 358. His death, 359.
Claudius, king of Abyssinia, is supported against the Mahometans by Portuguese auxiliaries, v. 281, note.
Cleander, minister of the emperor Com- modus, his history, i. 119. His death, 121. Cleaveland, Ezra, author of History of the Courtenay Family, vii. 40, note. Clematius, murdered by Gallus, ii. 296, note. Clemens of Alexandría, prepared for Chris- tianity by his Platonism, ì. 33, note. His Christian ethics, 44, note. An instance of learned men embracing Christianity, 80.
Clemens, Flavius, and his wife Domitilla, why distinguished as Christian martyrs, ü. İll.
Clement III., pope, and the emperor Henry III. mutually confirm each other's sove- reign characters, vi. 336.
Clement IV. taxes all church property, to promote the crusades, vi. 512, note. Clement V. , pope, endeavours to revive the spirit of the crusades, vi. 512, note. Trans- fers the holy see from Rome to Avignon, vii. 380. On his election immediately promotes ten cardinals, nine of whom are French, 381, note.
Clement VI., pope, his negotiation with John Cantacuzene, vii. 207. Buys Avignon of Jane, queen of Naples, 381, note. Institutes the second or Mosaic jubilee, 383.
Clement VII., pope, his election disputed, vii. 424.
Clementines, the, attributed by critics to an Ebionite, ii, 396, note. Cleodamus, an engineer employed by the emperor Gallienus to fortify the mari- time cities of Greece, i 333. Cleopatra receives the library of Pergamus from Anthony, iii. 286, note; vi. 66, note. Clepho, king of the Lombards, v. 108. Clergy, their influence in a superstitious age, i. 78, and note. When first distin- guished from the the laity, ii. 57. The ranks and numbers of, how multiplied, 373. Their immunities, 373. Their pro- perty, 375. Their offences only cogni- zable by their own order, 378. Valen- tinian's edict to restrain the avarice of the, iii. 388. Imbued the minds of the people with ignorance and superstition, iv. 168, note. Privileges among the Visi- goths, 210.
Clermont, the capital of Auvergne, resists Euric and the Visigoths, iv. 84. Is taken
Clodius Albinus. See Albinus. Clotilda, niece of the king of Burgundy, is married to Clovis, king of the Franks, and converts him, iv. 165. Exhorts him to the Gothic war, 174.
Clovis, king of the Franks, his descent and reign, iv. 159. Various forms of his
name, ib., note. Defeats the Allemanni at Tolbiac, 163. His conversion, 164. His victory over the Visigoths near Poitiers, 176. Conquers Aquitain, 178. His consulship, 179 His reformation of the law, 183. His policy, 192. Requests Theodoric to send him an Italian harper, 258, note.
Cluverius, his account of the objects of adoration among the ancient Germans, i. 290, note.
Cniva, king of the Goths, i. 312. Coche, a suburb of Ctesiphon, iii. 27. Cochineal, discovery of, iv. 311, note. Code of Justinian, how formed, v.35. New edition of, 43.
Code of Theodosius, when promulgated, ii.
197, note. Of Gregorins and of Hermo- genes, period assigned to each, v. 21, note. Coder Argenteus, the MS. of Ulphilas, iv. 131, note.
Codicils, an innovation ratified by Augustus, v. 30. How admitted by the Roman law respecting testaments, 70.
Coenobites, in monkish history, described,
Codinus, his numerous mistakes, i. 191,
Cognats, regarded in the twelve tables as strangers and aliens, v. 67. Cogni. See Iconium.
Cohorts, ten, of heavy armed infantry, in every legion, i. 14.
Cohortes Urbanæ, city cohorts, watched over the safety of the capital, i. 21. In- ferior in rank and discipline, 121, note. Coil, king of Britain, fabulous father of Helena, i. 473, note.
Coinage, gold, of the Antonines and of the fifth century, compared, iv. 62, note. Early gold of the Franks in Gaul, and Visigoths in Spain, 180, and note. Mahometan, vi. 118, and note. Copied by the Anglo- Saxon king Offa, ib. That of the Greek empire debased by Manuel Comnenus to defraud the crusaders, 478. Change made by Constantine, vii. 29, note. Genuine, how distinguished from the base, ib. Progressive degradation of the Byzantine gold coin, 78, note. Turkish coinage, 198, note. Gold of Florence and Milan. 226, note. Earliest gold of Eng- land, 227, note. Coins of the popes, 343,
and note; 361 and note. Copper coinage | of Rome regulated by the senate, 360, and note.
Colchis, one of Trajan's eastern conquests, i. 7. The modern Mingrelia, described, iv. 478. Manners of the natives, 479. Revolt of, from the Romans to the Per- sians, and repentance, 484. Colchian war in consequence, 488. Alliance with Heraclius in his war against Persia, v. 185. Assistance afforded to Alexius Comnenus in acquiring Trebizond, vii. 11.
Coliseum, of the emperor Titus. See Am- phitheatre,
Collyridian heretics, account of, v. 469. Colonia, now Chonac or Couleihisar, a town of Pontus, vi. 240, note.
Colonies, Barbarian, i. 403, 434. Some of them doubtful, 434, note. Many planted in Hungary, vi. 273, note.
Colonies, Roman, of two kinds, civil and military, i. 45. How planted, v. 63,
Colonna, Sciarra, joins Nogaret in his attack on Boniface VIII. at Anagni, vii. 379. Colonna, Stephen the Younger, driven from Rome by Rienzi, vii. 400. Slain, 412. Colonna, history of the Roman family of, vii. 386.
Colossa, now Chon, the birth place of Nicetas; its church, to which St. Paul addressed his Epistle, erroneously sup- posed to be designated from the Colossus of Rhodes, vi. 570, note.
Colossus of Rhodes, account of, vi. 54. Columba, or Columbkill, founds the monas- tery of Iona, iv. 114, and note. Columbanus, founds monasteries at Luxo- vium and Bobium, iv. 114, note. His austere rule, 120, note.
Columns of Hercules, their situation, i. 33. Comana, the rich temple of, suppressed, and the revenues confiscated, by the emperors of the East, ii 227. Its temple dedicated to Bellona, vi. 240, note. Comans, or Cumans, a large colony of them admitted into Hungary, vi. 273, and note; vii. 14, note. Others remained between the Danube and the Volga, ib. Allies of Calo-John, the Bulgarian, ib. Final de- feat of them on the Kalka, ib. Combat, judicial, origin of, in the Salic laws,
iv. 190. The laws of, according to the assize of Jerusalem, vi. 490. Apology for the practice of, iv. 190, note. See Battle, Trial by.
Comes Castrensis, the superintendent of the imperial table, ii. 223, note. Comets, account of those which appeared in the reign of Justinian, iv. 545. Comitia. See Assemblies of the people. Comito, sister of the empress Theodora, iv. 293, and note.
Commentiolus, his disgraceful warfare against the Avars, v. 158.
Commerce, left by the Romans to the people of the conquered provinces, i. 22, note. Held in contempt by them, iii. 404. Of the East, iv. 114. Of Colchis, 479. That of the Romans restricted by their early treaty with the Carthaginians, v. 8, note. Foundation of the greatness of Venice, vi. 539. Treaty of, between the Greek empire and the Genoese, vii. 114. Commodus, emperor, his education, cha- racter, and reign, i. 112. His infamous life, 122. He exhibits as a gladiator, 125, and note. His death, 126. His memory branded with infamy by the senate, 129. His concubine Marcia induces him to favour the Christians, ii. 135.
Comneni, origin of the family of, v. 383. Their first elevation to the throne, 334. They depose Nicephorus Botaniates, 339. Extent and revenues of their empire, ví. 187. Their occupation of Trebizond, vii. 11, and note. Their final extinction, 335, and note.
Comnenus. See Alexius, Andronicus, David, Isaac, John, and Manuel. Conception, immaculate, of the Virgin Mary, the doctrine of, whence derived, v. 469. Conclave, establishment of the, vii. 376. Concord, national, a temple of, erected by Diocletian in the Isle of Elephantine, i. 437. Destroyed by Justinian, iv. 342. note.
Concubine, according to the Roman civil law, explained, v. 59.
Confarreation, a Roman marriage ríte, v. 51. Confederates, a promiscuous armed multi- tude collected from various nations and tribes, iv. 94. Place themselves under the command of Odoacer, 96. Confessors, adduced to multiply the number of martyrs, ii. 126, note.
Conflagration, general, ideas of the primi tive Christians concerning, ii. 32. Conob., inscribed on some Byzantine coins, v. 382, note.
Conon, the primitive name of the emperor Leo III., v. 300.
Conquest, the vanity of, not so rational as the desire of spoil, iii. 110. Is rather achieved by art than personal valour, 551, Conrad III. emperor, engages in the second crusade, vi. 474. His disastrous expe- dition, 480.
Conrad, duke of Franconia, killed while repelling an invasion of the Hungarians. vi. 273.
Conrad of Montferrat defends Tyre against Saladin, vi. 500. Is assassinated, 505. Conradin, cruel fate of, vii. 70. Constance, treaty of, by which the freedom of the Italian cities is acknowledged, v. 420. Council, established the authority of a general council above the pope, vii. 224. Deposed three rival popes and elected Martin V., 429. Constans, the third son of Constantine the
Great, is sent to govern the western provinces of the empire, ii. 258. Division of the empire between him and his brothers, on the death of their father, 269. Is invaded by his brother Constan- tine, 278. Magnentius conspires against and kills him, 280. Espoused the cause of Athanasius against his brother Con- stantius, 431. Visited Britain, iii. 109. Constans, son of the usurper Constantine, invested with the purple by his father, killed by Gerontius, iii. 461. Constans II. emperor of Constantinople,
his reign, v. 291. His death, 293. Pro- posed to restore the seat of empire to Rome, vi. 225. Visited, plundered, and left the city, ib., vii. 453.
Constantia, sister of Constantine the Great, is married to Licinius, i. 503. Intercedes for her husband, 520. Her son is saved by her entreaties, ii. 250. She pleads for him again, but in vain, and dies soon after him, 253.
Constantia, princess, granddaughter of Constantine the Great, is carried by her mother to the camp of the usurper Pro- copius, iii. 72. Narrowly escapes falling into the hands of the Quadi, 131. Mar- ries the emperor Gratian, 135. Constantia, daughter of Roger, king of Sicily, is married to the emperor Henry VI., vi. 354.
Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great, and widow of Hannibalianus, places the diadem on the head of the general Vetranio, ii. 281. Is married to Gallus, 295. Her character, 296. Dies, 299.
Constantina, widow of the Eastern emperor Maurice, the cruel fate of, and her daughters, v. 166.
Constantine the Great, great grandson of Crispus, brother of Claudius II. i. 359. opinions as to the place of his birth, 472. His history, 473. He is saluted emperor by the British legions on the death of his father, 475. His brothers and sisters, 477. He marries Fausta, the daughter of Maximian, 481. Puts Maximian to death, 487. General review of his administra- tion in Gaul, 489. Undertakes to de- liver Rome from the tyranny of Maxen- tius, 492. Defeats Maxentius, and enters Rome, 500. His alliance with Licinius, 503. Quarrel between them, 508. feats Licinius, 509, 510. Peace concluded with Licinius, 511. Rigorous laws. 512. Chastises the Goths, 515. Second civil war with Licinius, 516. Battle of Ha- drianople, 518. Siege of Byzantium, 519. Battle of Chrysopolis (now Scutari) 520. Death of Licinius, 521. Constantine sole emperor, ib.
declares himself the protector of the church, ü. 159. Arrests the persecution prepared by Maximin, 167, and note.
Motives which induced him to make Byzantium the capital of his empire, ii. 175. Ascribes his determination to a divine command, 184. Despoils other cities of their ornaments to decorate his new capital, 188. Ceremony of dedicating his new city, 196. His new form of civil and military administration, 197. Three classes of magistrates and four divisions of office, 199. Separates the civil from the military, 215. Corrupted military dis- cipline, 216. Was the first who raised Barbarians to the consulship, 222, Seized the rich temple of Comana, 227. Insti- tuted the general tribute, or indiction, 232. His character, 244. Resemblance to Henry VIII., 245, note. His family, 249. Jealous of his son Crispus, 252. Mysterious deaths of Crispus and Lici- nius, 253. His repentance and acts of atonement inquired into, 254. His sons and nephews, 256. Sends them to super- intend the several provinces of the em- pire, 258. Assists the Sarmatians, and provokes the Goths, 262. Reduces the Goths to peace, 265. His death, 265. Date of his conversion to Christianity, 338. His payan superstition, 341. Pro- tects the Christians in Gaul, 342. Pub- lishes the edict of Milan, 342. Motives which recommended the Christians to his favour, 345. Exhorts his subjects to embrace the Christian profession, 348. His standard the Labarum, 351. His vision previous to his battle with Maxen- tius, 354. Story of the miraculous cross in the air, 356. His conversion ac- counted for, from natural and probable causes, 358. His theological discourses, 360. His devotion and privileges, 361, The delay of his baptism accounted for, 362. Is commemorated as a saint by the Greeks, 364. Educated a race of princes in the Christian faith, 365. Retained the supreme jurisdiction over the church, 369. His liberality to the clergy in- creased in proportion to his faith and his vices, 376. Forgery of his edict, 378, and note. Referred the Trinitarian contro- versy to the council of Arles, 384. Called and attended the council of Nice, 385. His edict against heretics, 387. His jest with Acesius, 388, and note Courted the hierarchy in order to rule the people through them, ib., note. Favours the cause of Cæcilian against Donatus, 390. Had prejudged the question before he called the council of Nice, 407, note. His letter to the contending parties not dictated by his episcopal advisers, 417. Ratified the Nicene creed, 418. Banished and recalled Arius and Eusebius of Nicome-
dia, ib. Deposed and banished Atha- nasius and his friends, 419. Baptized by the Arian Eusebius, ib. Granted a tole ration to his pagan subjects, 458. His
reform of pagan abuses, 458. Was asso- ciated with the heathen deities after his death, by a decree of the senate, 461. Erected the church of the holy sepulchre, 532. Introduced into the "Cæsars" of Julian, iii. 2. His forbearance towards Paganism, impatiently supported by the clergy, 272. Changed the aureus of the old Roman coinage for the solidus, vii. 29, note.
Constantine, publication of his fictitious do- nation to the bishops of Rome, v. 393. Fabulous interdiction of marriage with strangers, ascribed to him, vi. 207. Constantine II. the son of Constantine the Great, carefully educated by his father, ii. 257. Is sent to preside over Gaul, 258. Division of the empire between him and his brothers, on the death of their father, 269. Invades the territories of his bro- ther Constans, and is killed, 278. Constantine III. emperor of Constantinople, his brief reign, v. 290.
Constantine IV. Pogonatus, emperor of Con- stantinople, v. 293. His cruelty to his brothers, 294. Offered the hair of his two sons on the altar of St. Peter at Rome, as a symbol of their spiritual adoption, ib.
Constantine V. [or VI.] Copronymus, em- peror of Constantinople, his zeal against images, v. 301. Is denounced by their worshippers as an atheist stained with the most opposite vices, 302. His merits and virtues, ib, Marries a daughter of the khan of the Chazars, 304; vi. 208. Fates of his five sons, v. 304. Revolt of Artavasdus, and troubles on account of image worship, 370. Abolishes the monk- ish order 371. Transplants the Paulicians from Armenia into Thrace, vi. 245. Constantine VI. [or VII] emperor of Con- stantinople, his contest with his mother Irene, v. 305. His death, 306. Constantine VII. [or X. or XI,] Porphyro- genitus, emperor of Constantinople, v. 322. His nominal reign, 322. His death, 325. His cautions against discovering the secret of the Greek fire, vi. 125. Account of his works, 181. Their imperfections pointed out, 182. His account of the ceremonies of the Byzantine court, 206. Justifies the marriage of his son with Bertha, daughter of Hugo king of Italy, 208. Constantine VIII. emperor of Constanti- nople, v. 323.
Constantine IX. emperor of Constantinople, v. 329. His death, 330.
Constantine X. [or XII. or XIII.] Monoma-
chus, emperor of Constantinople, v. 332. Constantine XI. [or XIII. or XIV.] Ducas, emperor of Constantinople, v. 335. His death, 335.
Constantine Palæologus, the last of the Greek emperors crowned at Sparta, vii.
285. Determines to resist Mahomet II. 294. Implores the assistance of the Western princes, 301. Consults with Phranza on his means of defence, 304. Subscribes the act of union between the two churches, 305. Prepares for a vigorous resistance, 311. His funeral oration of the Roman empire, 318. His courage in the last assault, 321. His death, 322. Constantine, son of Michael VII. Ducas, v. 337; and note. Affianced to a daughter of Robert Guiscard, and afterwards to Anna Comnena, vi. 324, and note. Constantine Sylvanus, founder of the Paul- icians, his death, vi. 239.
Constantine, a private soldier in Britain, elected emperor for the sake of his name, iii. 378. He reduces Gaul and Spain, 379, 460. Is besieged in Arles by his general Gerontius, 461. Surrenders to Constantius and is put to death, 463. His rebellion opened the passes of the Pyrenees to the Vandals, Suevi and Alani, 467. Constantine, eldest son of Heraclius, with- draws from Syria, vi. 50. Attends the coronation of his younger brother, 51, and note.
Constantine, general under Belisarius in Italy, his death, iv. 423. Constantines, want of uniformity in num bering the, v. 321, 322, notes; vii. 285. note.
Constantinople, its situation described, with the motives which induced Constantine the Great to make this city the capital of his empire, ii. 175. Its local advantages, 183. Its extent, 185. The walls of Cou- stantine enclosed five hills, ib. Those of Theodosius the Younger included two more in the suburbs, 186. Progress of the work, 187. Principal edifices decorated with the spoils of other cities, 188. How furnished with inhabitants, 191. The number of its streets, ib., nole. Privi leges granted to it, 195. Its dedication, 196. New form of civil and military administration established there, 197. Is allotted to Constantine the Younger, in the division of the empire, on the empe ror's death, 269. The only city in which idols had never been worshipped, 365, 448. Violent contests there between the rival bishops, Paul and Macedonius, 449. Bloody engagements between the Atha- nasians and Arians on the removal of the body of Constantine, 451. Triumphant entry of the emperor Julian, 487. The senate of, allowed the same powers and honours as that at Rome, 498.
arrival of Valens, as emperor of the East, in, iii. 68. Revolt of Procopius, 70. Its school or college and public library founded by Valentinian, 81. The Goths repelled from its suburbs by Saracens, 189. Visited by Athanaric, 203. Con- tinued the principal seat of Arianism
during the reign of Constantius aud Va- lens, 221. Is purged from it by the em- peror Theodosius, 225. Installation of Gregory Nazianzen in its patriarchate, 226. Council of, 227. Many relics of saints and martyrs are brought there, 298. Alaric approaches, but refrains from attacking the city, 335. Tumult against Eutropius, 495. Arcadius admits Gainas and the Ostrogoths; insurrection of the people against them, 497. Elevation of Chry- sostom to the patriarchal throne, 500. Riots caused by the persecution agaiust him, 505. The new walls of Theodosius II. built, 512. Fifty-eight towers thrown down by an earthquake, 569.
the city and eastern empire distracted by the factions of the circus, iv. 302. The Nika sedition, 306. Foundation of the church of St. Sophia, 331. Other churches erected there by Justinian, 335. Triumph of Belisarius on his return, 385. The city saved by him from the Bulga- rians, 539.
revolt against the emperor Maurice, v. 161. The Persians encamp ten years before the city, 173. Its deliverance from the Persians and Avars, 188. Religious war about the Trisagion, 239. General councils, 248, 252, 348. Tumults in the city to oppose the destruction of images, 370.
first siege of, by the Saracens, vi. 115. Second siege, 119. Harun al Rashid en- camps before it, 152. Its state in the tenth century described by Luitprand, 185. By Benjamin of Tudela in the twelfth, 194. The imperial palace of, 197. Titles of the imperial family, 200. Officers of state, 201. Naval and military character of the Greeks, 213. The name and character of Romans supported to the last, 227. De- cline and revival of literature, 227. The royal college burnt, 228. The city menaced by the Hungarians, 270. Account of the Varangians, 277. Naval expeditions of the Russians against the city, 282. Alleged prophecy of its final capture by them, 285. Insulted by the Sicilian admiral, 347. Its gates shut against Godfrey and the crusaders, 432. Origin of the separation of the Greek and Latin churches, 522. Massacre of the Latins, 530. Invasion of the Greek empire, and conquest of Constantinople by the Cru- saders, 549. The city taken, and Isaac Angelus restored, 556. Part of the city burnt 560. Second siege of the city by the Latins, 563. Is pillaged, 565. Statues destroyed, 571.
assigned with a fourth part of the monarchy to the Latin emperor of the East, vii. 1. Its gates sent as a trophy to the knights Hospitallers, 3, and note. The Greeks rise against their Latin con- querors, 13. The city retaken by the
Greeks, 34, 59. The suburb of Galata assigned to the Genoese, 107. Hostilities between the Genoese and the emperor, 107. How the city escaped the Moguls, 135. The new fortifications raised by Manuel Palæologus, and destroyed at the command of Bajazet, 156. The distress of the city relieved for a time by Marshal Boucicault, 157. Is besieged by the sultan Amurath II., 198. Compared with Rome, 260. State of the city during the absence and after the return of the empe- ror John Palæologus, 263. Is besieged by Mahomed II. sultan of the Turks, 301. Is stormed and taken, 323. Becomes the capital of the Turkish empire, 331. Its present aspect, 331.
Constantius Chlorus, trained by Aurelian and Probus, i. 399. Governor of Dalmatia, was intended to be adopted by the em peror Carus, in the room of his son Cari- Dus, 414. Is associated as Cæsar by Dio- eletian, 425. Delivers Britain from Allec- tus, 432. And Gaul from the Alemanni, 434. Assumes the title of Augustus, on the abdication of Diocletian, 469. His mild government, 470. He embarks on his last expedition to Britain, 474. His death, 475. Granted a toleration to the Christians, ii. 158.
Constantius II., the second son of Constan- tine the Great, ii., 249. Governs, with the title of Cæsar, the Gallic provinces, 251. His education, 257. Is sent to govern the eastern provinces of the empire, 258. Seizes Constantinople on the death of his father, 267. Massacres his kinsmen, 268. Division of the em- pire between him and his brothers, 269. Restores Chosroes king of Armenia, 272. Battle of Singara with Sapor, king of Persia, 274. Rejects the offers of Mag- nentius and Vetranio, 282. His oration to the Illyrian troops at the interview with Vetranio, 283. Defeats Magnentius at the battle of Mursa, 286. Obtains the submission of Italy, Spain, and Africa, 289, 290. Finally overcomes Magnentius at Mount Seleucus, 291. Sole emperor his councils governed by eunuchs, 292. Education of his cousins Gallus and Ju- lian, 294. Creates Gallus Cæsar and Disgrace governor of the East, 295.
and death of Gallus, 299. Sends for Julian to court, 301. Invests him with the title of Cæsar, and the administra- tion of the West, 305. Visits Rome, 308. Presents an obelisk to that city, 309. The Quadian and Sarmatian wars, 310. His Persian negotiations, 314. Misma- nagement of affairs in the East, 320. Fa- vours the Arians, 420. His religious character by Ammianus the historian, 421. His restless endeavours to establish an uniformity of Christian doctrine, 422. Athanasius driven into exile by the coun-
« PreviousContinue » |