cil of Antioch, 430. Is intimidated by
his brother Constans, and invites Athana-
sins back again, 432. His severe treat-
ment of those bishops who refused to
concur in deposing Athanasius, 437. His
scrupulous orthodoxy, 438. His cautious
conduct in expelling Athanasius from
Alexandria, 439. His strenuous efforts
to seize his person, 441. Athanasius
writes invectives to expose his character,
445. Is constrained to restore Liberius,
bishop of Rome, 448. Supports Macedo-
nius, bishop of Constantinople, and coun-
tenances his persecutions of the Catholics
and Novatians, 451. His conduct toward
his Pagan subjects, 459. His visit to the
temples of Rome, 460. Envies the fame
of Julian, 464. Recalls the legions from
Gaul, 465, Negotiations between him
and Julian, 472. His preparations to
oppose Julian, 484. His death and cha-
racter, 485.

Constantius, Julius, the patrician, brother

of Constantine the Great, and father of
Gallus and Julian, ii. 249. Father-in-law
of Constantius II. yet included by him
in the massacre of the family, 269.
Constantius, a general in the service of
Honorius, obliges Gerontius to raise the
siege of Arles, iii. 462. Defeats the Franks
and Allemanni, 463. Sends the usurper
Constantine a prisoner to Ravenna, ib.
His marriage with Placidia and death,
523, 524.

Constantius, secretary to Attila king of the

Huns, his matrimonial negotiation at the
court of Constantinople, iii. 568.
Consuls, their origin and office, i. 85. Their
powers transferred to the emperor, 87.
Officers nominally invested with the dig-
nity still elected every year, 88. Naulo-
batus, a chief of the Heruli, receives from
Gallienus the ornaments of the consular
dignity, 334. The election of consuls
transferred by the first emperors from
the people to the senate, ii. 200. Diocle-
tian takes the nomination of them into
his own hands, ib. During 120 years
none present in Rome on the day of their
inauguration, 201, note. Form of that
ceremony, ib. Its expense, 202. Served
only to denote the legal date of the
year,
ib. Their office still an object of ambition,
and often assumed by the emperors
themselves, ib. Bestowed on Barbarians
by Constantine. 222. Cherished by
Julian, 497. After the division of the
empire, each emperor appoints one con-
sul, iii. 482. Odoacer restores the office
in the West, iv. 103. History of the con-
sulship reviewed, 356. The office sup-
pressed by Justinian, but not abolished
by law till the reign of Leo the philoso-
pher, 357, and note. The name preserved
in the municipalities of the Italian cities,
v. 427. How given to the resident com.

mercial agents of foreign powers, vii. 359,
and note.

Conti, a noble family of modern Rome, vii.
386.

Contracts, the Roman laws respecting,
v. 7.

Convena, birth-place of Vigilantius. Je-
rome's account of its origin, iii. 299, note.
Convertisseur, a title aspired to by the sub-
jects of Louis XIV., iì. 528, note.
Copiata, or grave-diggers, 1100 in Constan-
tinople, ii. 374.

Coptic language spoken only by the pea-
sants of the Nile, v. 254.
Coptos, destroyed by Diocletian, i. 436.
Copts still use the era of martyrs, ii, 143,
note. Their history, v. 271.

Corbulo, put to death, i. 4, note. His inno-
cence, ii. 215, note.

Cordova, taken by the Saracens, vi. 93.
Abdelaziz slain there, 101. Its splendour
under the caliphs, 104, 140. The martyrs
of, 112, and note. Insurrection and emi-
gration from, 155, note.

Corfu (ancient Corcyra) seized by Bohe
mond VI. 325. Dangers of its seas, 326,
Visited the fourth cru-

and note.
sade, 548.

Corinth, reviving as a Roman colony, cele-
brates the Isthmian games, under the
emperor Julian, ii. 499. Taken by
Alaric, iii. 339. Its walls repaired and the
isthmus fortified by the emperor Jus-
tinian, iv. 339. Again fortified by Manuel
Palæologus, vii. 222. Forced by the Turks,
334. See Hexamilion and Isthmus.
Corn, public allowance of, for the people of
Alexandria, i. 437, note. Daily distributed
to the poorest citizens of Rome and Con-
stantinople, ii. 103, and note.
Cornwall, reduction of, by the Saxons, iv.
219 The western angle of Armorica so
called, 221.

Coronary gold, nature of those offerings to
the Roman emperors, ii. 243.
Coroultai, diet, or public assembly of the
Tartars, iii. 148.

Corporations, private. Their privileges spa-
ringly bestowed and viewed with jealousy
by the Romans, ii. 94. Of cities, com-
posed of the decurions; their constitution
and duties, 234, and note. Abuses in
them corrected by Majorian, iv. 62. Those
of Italy and other countries in the Middle
ages, their beneficial influence, vi. 426,
and note.

Corruptibles, a sect in the Monophysite
church, v. 272.

Corsi, a powerful family in modern Rome,
vii. 386.

Corsica, island of, i. 34. Taken by the fleet
of Constantine, 493, note. A place of
banishment, iv. 145, note. A colony from,
planted at Porto by pope Leo IV., vi.

161.

Corvinus. See Huniades and Matthias.

Cos, see Ceos.

Cosa, fifth ancestor of Mahomet v. 457, note.
Cosmas, Indicopleustes, account of his Chris-

tian Topography, iv. 319, note, v. 259, note.
Cosmo. See Medici.

Cossova, battle of; league of the Sclavo-
nians crushed by Amurath I. vii. 149.
Coucy, Sire de, accompanies the French
knights in their expedition against Baja-
zet, vii. 152. Taken prisoner at Nicopolis,
and dies at Boursa, 154.
Councils and synods:

Alexandria, to ordain Athanasius, A.D.
326, ii. 426, note.

Ancyra, in Galatia, A.D. 314, ii. 64.
Antioch, to depose Paul of Samosata,
A.D. 264, ii. 142.
A.D. 341, ii. 430.

Arles, A.D. 314, ii. 384.

A.D. 353, ii.435.

Basil, eighteenth general, A.D. 1431—
1443, vii. 223, 225, 238, 240.
Bithynia, in favour of Arius, A.D. 321,
ii. 405.

Cæsarea, A.D. 334, ii. 427.
Carthage, A.D. 484, iv. 141.

A.D. 535, iv. 381.

Chalcedon, Ad Quercum, the oak, A.D.
403, iii. 505.

fourth general, A.D. 451, v. 231.
Clermont, A.D. 1095, vi. 402.
Constance, seventeenth general, A.D.
1414-1418, vii. 224, 428.
Constantinople, second general, A.D.
384, iii. 227.

fifth general, A.D. 553, v. 248.
sixth general, A.D. 680, 681, v. 252.
Iconoclast, A.D. 754, v. 368.
eighth general, A.D. 869, vi. 526.
Ephesus third general, A.D. 431, v. 219.

Robber Synod, A.D. 449, v. 228.
Ferrara, A.D. 1438, vii. 232.
Florence, transferred from Ferrara,
A.D. 1439, vii 234.
Francfort, A.D. 794, v. 399.

Hatfield (Hapfield, Heathfield, Bishop's
Hatfield), A.D. 680, v. 253. note.
Illiberis (according to Mariana, Eliberis,
Elvira, near Granada. See another
account, ii. 280, note.) About A.D.
305, ii, 64, 128, note; v. 360.
Lateran, the First, A.D. 649, v. 251,
253, note.

the Fourth, twelfth general, A.D.
679, v. 253, note.

A.D. 1215, vi. 509.
Lyons, A.D. 500, iv. 170.

27.

thirteenth general, A.D. 1245, vii.

fourteenth general, A.D. 1274, vii.

67.
Mantua, A.D. 1459, vii. 339.
Milan, A.D. 355, ii. 435.
Nice, first general, A.D. 325, ii. 385,
407.

seventh general, A.D. 787, v. 397.

Oak, the. See Chalcedon.
Palestine, in favour of Arius, A.D. 321,
ii. 405.

Pisa, A.D. 1409, vii. 224, 428.
Placentia, A.D. 1095, vi. 399.
Rimini, (Ariminum), A.D. 359, ii. 415,
423.

Sardica, A.D. 347, ii. 431, 436, note.
Seleucia, A.D. 359, ii. 414, 423.
Sida, in Pamphylia, A.D. 383. Clinton,
(391 others), iii. 221, note.
Toledo, A.D. 589, iv. 152.

A.D. 653, iv. 152, note.

from A.D. 400 to 696, their general
character, iv. 209.

Tyre, A.D. 335, ii. 428.

Councils, provincial, their origin, ii. 53.
Convened by the primates or metropo-
litans, 384. General, or extraordinary,
convoked by the emperor, ib. Submis-
sion of the Catholic world to them, 386.
Their character, 407, note. Gregory Nazi-
anzen's opinion of them, iii. 229, note.
Declared by the council of Basil to be
superior in authority to the pope, vii. 225.
Count, of the East, ii. 209. Great difference
between the ancient and modern appli-
cation of this title, 215. By whom first
invented, 216. Of the sacred largesses,
under Constantine the Great, his office,
226. Of the private estate, 227. Of the
domestics in the Eastern empire, his
office, 229.

Coupele, the rock of, vii. 170.

Courtenay, history of the family of, vii. 40.
Cousins-german, marriages of, disliked by
the Romans. Condemned by the empe-
ror Julian, ii. 269, note.

Cracow, ravaged by the Tartars, vii. 129.
Cral, title of the princes of Servia, vii. 99.
and note.

Creed, the first Christians left free to form
their own, ii. 16, 17, and note. The most
ancient drawn up with the greatest lati-
tude, 403, note. The Nicene, 409. The
Arian, 412. Athanasius not the author
of that which bears his name, iv. 146,
note. Gennadius pronounced it to be
the work of a drunken man, ib.
Crescentius, consul of Rome, his vicissi
tudes, and death, v. 424.

Crete, the isle of, subdued by the Saracens,
vi. 155. Is recovered by Nicephorus
Phocas, 176. Is purchased by the Vene-
tians, vii. 6.

Crimea. See Chersonesus Taurica.
Crimes, caused by unequal laws of property,
i. 112. Nine adjudged worthy of death
by the Roman law, v. 78. The objects of
jurisprudence, 87.
Crinitus Ulpius, a senator, at the recom-
mendation of Valerian, adopts Aurelian,
i. 360.

Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, is
declared Cæsar, i. 510. Distinguishes
himself against the Franks and Alle-

manni, 515. Forces the passage of the
Hellespont, and defeats the fleet of Lici-
nius, 519. His character, ii, 250. His
mysterious death, 253.

Crispus, the patrician, marries the daughter

of Phocas, and contributes to depose
him, v. 166. Is obliged to turn monk, 168.
Croatia, account of the kingdom of, vi. 258.
Crocodiles, thirty-six exhibited in the circus

by Augustus, i. 415, note

Crocus, or Erocus, king of the Allemanni,
the first independent barbarian auxiliary
of Rome, i. 475, and note.

Cross, sentiments entertained of this instru-
ment of punishment, by the Pagan and
Christian Romans, ii. 350. The standard
in the army of Constantine the Great,
described, 352. His vision, 353. Said
to have appeared in the sky to the army
of Constantius, during the battle of
Mursa, 421. The holy sepulchre and
cross of Christ discovered, 533. The cross
undiminished by distribution to pilgrims,
533. Carried into Persia by Chosroes, v.
171. Its recovery by Heraclius comme-
morated by the annual festival of the Ex-
altation, 196. Symbolic worship intro-
duced by the veneration of the cross, v.
360. The sign of it worn on the per-
son, 365, note. Adopted by the crusaders,
vi. 404, and note.

Crown of thorns, its transfer from Con-
stantinople to Paris, vii, 30.

Crowns, mural and obsidional, the distinc-
tion between, iii. 27, note. Musical, v.
393, note. Delphic and Capitoline, 394,
note.

Crucifixion, legends of the, ii, 533.
Crusades, preparatory steps: Pilgrimage of
the German prelates, vi. 393, and not.
Mission of Peter the hermit, 396. Letters
and designs of Gregory VII., 398, and
note. Plans of Urban II., 399, and note.
Council of Placentia and embassy of
Alexius, 400, and note. Council of Cler-
mont, enthusiasm inflamed, and the first
crusade decided, 403, and note. Urban
declines to join it in person, 404. Inquiry
into the justice of the undertaking, 405.
Motives of the crusaders, 408. Induce-
ments offered to them, 412, and note.
Extensive preparations, 413 and note.
Departure, adventures, and destruction
of the four first divisions, 414-417, and
notes. Princes of the first crusade, 418.
Table of authorities for its great events,
419. March to Constantinople, 428-430.
Fears and precautions of the emperor
Alexius, 431-435. Muster in the plains
of Bithynia, 436. Siege of Nice, 439, and
notes. Battle of Dorylæum, 441. March
through Lesser Asia, 443, and note. Bald-
win at Edessa, 444. Siege of Antioch,
445. Famine and distress, 448. Legend
of the holy lance, 450. Siege and con-
quest of Jerusalem, 455-458. Godfrey

of Bouillon elected king, 460. Battle of
Ascalon, ib. Knights Hospitallers, 464,
and note. Assize of Jerusalem, 465-471.
Bohemond returns to Europe, 472, and
note. Princes who joined the first cru-
sade, 475. The second and third, 476.
Passage through the Greek empire, 477.
March of Frederic Barbarossa, 481. His
death, 482. Arts employed to keep alive
enthusiasm, 483, and note. Preaching of
St. Bernard, 485. Zenghi takes Edessa,
487. Conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin,
499. Siege of Acre, 502. Richard of
England in Palestine, 503. His treaty
and departure, 507. Fourth and fifth cru-
sades; Damietta taken, 500, and note.
Policy of the popes, 511, and note. The
emperor Frederic II. in Palestine, 513,
and note. Sixth crusade, 516. Capti
vity of St. Louis in Egypt, 517. Loss of
Acre and the Holy Land, 522. Decline of
enthusiasm, 535. Fulk, of Neuilly, em-
ployed by Innocent III. to preach a cru-
sade, ib. and note. The fourth crusade
diverted from its object to attack Zara,
544. And restore Alexius Angelus, 547.
Conquest of Constantinople, 556. Quarrel
of the Greeks and Latins, 560. Second
capture of the city, 565. Baldwin, conut
of Flanders, elected emperor of the East,
vii. 3. Division of the empire, 4. Con
sequences of the crusades, 35. Social
improvement retarded by them, 38, and

note.

Cruitnich, or wheat-eaters, an epithet ap-
plied to the eastern Caledonians, iii.
107.

Ctesiphon, plundered by the Romans, i.
263. Its situation described, iii. 27.
Julian declines the siege of that city, 32.
Never entered by Chosroes II. for
twenty-four years, v. 173. Threatened
by Heraclius, 193. Why called by the
Arabs Al Madayn, vi. 13, note. Is sacked
by them, 14.

Cublai, Khan of the Mongols, employs in
his service the Venetian travellers, Marco
Polo, his father and uncle, vii. 120, note;
125, note. Conquers China, 126. His
reign and character, 134.

Cudworth, misled by the latter Platonists,
ii. 394, note.

Cufa, ruíns of, v. 525, note. Its foundation
and name, vi, 15, and note.
Cume, its early history and present state,
iii. 409, notes. Defence of, by Aligern,
iv. 528. Its capture, 530.
Cumans. See Comans.
Cunimund, his quarrel with Alboin, v. 98.
Is slain in battle, 100. His skull used
for a drinking cup by Alboin, 100, 105.
The consequence, 106.

Curator, or guardian of the property of a
youth, under the Roman law, v. 61.
Curdistan. See Carduene.

Curds. See Carduchians.

Turks, 384. Held by them against the
crusaders, 463. Taken by Noureddin,
488. Taken and destroyed by Tamer-
lane, vii. 175.

Damasus, bishop of Rome, inscribed the
epitaph on the tomb of Marcellus, ii. 161,
note. Edict of Valentinian addressed
to him, to restrain the crafty avarice of
the Roman clergy, iii. 88. His bloody con-
test with Ursinus for the episcopal dig-
nity, ii. 449, note; iii. 90. His pride and
pomp described by Ammianus Marcel-
finus, 91. Reproved by the prefect Præ-
textatus, 92, and note.

Dames, the Arab, his gallant enterprise
against the castle of Aleppo, vi. 48.
Damietta, or Pelusium, halting place du-
ring the inundation of the Nile, vi. 63.
Taken by the fifth crusade and evacuated,
510, and note; and by Louis IX., of
France, 517.

Damophilus. See Demophilus.

Dandolo, Henry, doge of Venice, his cha-
racter, vi. 540. His treaty with the
French knights, 541. Diverts them to
the siege of Zara, 544. To attack Con-
stantinople, 5+7. His courage in the
assault, 555. Refuses the imperial crown,
vii. 4. Is made despot of Romania,
5. His death, 5.

Danes, origin of the name, iii, 102, note.
Invade Britain, iv. 215, and note. Their
language spoken in Normandy, vi. 302.

note.

Daniel, his prophecy explained by Jerome,
iv. 234, note.

Daniel, bishop of Winchester, his instruc-
tions to St. Boniface, for the conversion
of infidels, iv. 134, and note.
Danielis, a Grecian matron, her presents to
the emperor Basil, vi. 191. Her visit to
him at Constantinople, 198. Her tes-
tament, 199,

Danube, course of the river, and the pro-
vinces of, described, i. 26. Frequently
frozen over, 274, and note; iv. 537. Wall
constructed by Probus from its banks to
those of the Rhine, 402. Julian's rapid
descent of its stream, ii. 481. Campaign
of Valens on its northern banks, iii. 128.
He allows the Goths to cross it, 158
Canal of Charlemagne, v. 411, and note.
Daphne, the sacred grove and temple of, at
Antioch, described, ii. 546. Is converted
to Christian purposes by Gallus, and re-
stored to the pagans by Julian, 548. The
temple burned, 549.

Dara, the fortifications of, by Justinian, de-
scribed, iv. 347. The demolition of, by
the Persians, prevented by peace, 469.
Is taken by Chosroes, king of Persia, v.139.
Dardania, seat of the ancestors of Constan-
tius Chlorus, i. 425.

Dardanus, prætorian prefect of Gaul, iii. 464.
Dargham, an Egyptian vizir, slain by Shira-
couh, vi. 489.

Darius, column that commemorated his
passage of the Bosphorus, ii. 179.
Darius, a friend of Count Boniface, iii.
535.

Darkness during the crucifixion unnoticed
by heathen philosophers and historians,
ii. 85.

Darts poisoned, used by the Sarmatians, ii.
259, and note. The death of Calo-Joannes
caused by one, v. 343.

Dastagerd or Artemita, palace of Chosroes
II., v. 173, and note. Plandered by He-
raclius, 191.

Dastagerd, near lake Ouroomia, v. 184, note.
Datianus, governor of Spain, yields ready
obedience to the imperial edicts against
the Christians, ii. 159.

Datius, bishop of Milan, instigates the re-
volt of the Ligurians to Justinian, iv. 420,

Escapes to Constantinople on the taking
of Milan by the Burgundians, 425.
Dead bodies exposed by the Persians, ív.
483, and note.

Debtors of the State, tortured and cruelly
treated by the Romans, ii. 235, and note.
The law respecting them modified by
Constantine, 242.

Debtors, private, alleged severity of the
Twelve Tables against them, v. 80, and
nole. Supplementary note, 93.
Decebalus, king of the Dacians, i. 6.
Decemvirs, prepared the laws of the twelve

tables, v. 6. Assisted by Hermodorus,
7, and note; 94, supp. note. Named and
their laws approved by an assembly of
the centuries, 12.

Decennovium, the canal on which Horace
travelled, iv. 406, note.

Decentius, brother of the rebel Magnentius,
ii. 290.

Decimus, tenth milestone from Carthage.

Battle there, iv. 374.

Decius, his exaltation to the empire, i. 301.
Revives the office of censor, 313. Is
killed by the Goths, 316. Was a perse-
cutor of the Christians, ii. 120, 121,
139; iv. 109, note.

Decretals, false, forgery of them, v. 393.
Decumates, colonists who paid tithes, i. 492,