of, removed to Constantinople by Con-, stantine the Great, ii. 190, note. Delphicum, a royal banqueting-room, iv. 376, note.
Demetrias, the grand-daughter of Proba, a fugitive from Rome, iii. 445. Demetrius Palæologus, dissents from the union of the churches, vii. 237. Democracy, a form of government unfavour- able to freedom in a large state, i. 42. Demophilus, archbishop of Constantinople, ii. 221. Resigns his see rather than sub- scribe the Nicene creed, 225, 230, note. Demosthenes celebrates the fertility of the Taurican Chersonesus. His mother and grandmother natives of that peninsula, vii. 110, note.
Demosthenes, governor of Cæsarea, his gal- lant defence against, and escape from, Sapor king of Persia, i. 339. Demotica, or Didymoteichos, a town of Thrace, vii. 8, and note. Besieged by the Bulgarians, and relieved by Amir, 143. Dengisich, son of Attila, iv. 36. Denmark, derivation of its name, iii. 102, note. Controversies between its anti- quarians and those of Germany, 365, note. Called Dacia, vii. 131, note; 299, note. Deogratias, bishop of Carthage, humanely succours the captives brought from Rome by Genseric king of the Vaudals, iv. 48. Some additional particulars, 48, note. Derar, the Saracen, his character, vi. 29. His sister an Amazon, 42.
Dicanice, the Greek sceptre, vii. 59. Didius Julianus, purchases the imperial dignity at a public auction, ii. 138. Popu- lar discontent, 140. Deposed and put to death, 147.
Derbend, a fortified pass in Caucasus, iv. 348. Seized by Timour, vii. 166. Dervishes, Mahometan monks, vii. 267. Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, conquered by Charlemagne, v. 386. Despina, the queen of Bajazet, vii: 181. Despot, nature of that title in the Greek empire, vi. 200.
Despotism originates in superstition, i. 284,
Diet, German, elected the sovereigns of Italy and Rome, v. 416.
Dilemites, a people of Hyrcania, iv. 488. Digest of Justinian. See Pandects. Dinar, an Arabian coin, vi. 118, and note. Dioceses, episcopal, ii. 53. Of the Roman em
note. Limited by nature and necessity, can be guarded only by the sword, vi. 212. Devonshire, the Courtenays of, vii. 45. Dexippus, defends Greece against the Goths, i. 333.
pire, their number and government, 209. Diocletian, his opinion of Aurelian, i. 385, and note. Trained in the school of Aure- lian and Probus, 399. His military elec- tion to the empire, 420. His birth and character, 421. Resembled Augustus as a statesman, 422. Ambitious of imitating Marcus Antoninus, 423. Takes Maximian for his colleague, 424. Associates as Cæsars, Galerius, and Constantius Chlo- rus, 425. Resigned Britain to Carausius. 430. His victories in Egypt, 436. His edict against the alchymists, 437. Watched at Antioch the Persian war, 442. His triumph in conjunction with Maximian, 450. Fixes his court at the city of Nico- media, 452. His system of government, 453. Abdicates the empire, 459. Parallel between him and the emperor Charles V. 460. Passes his life in retirement at Salona, 462. His death, 463. Baths erected in his name at Rome by his suc- cessors, 477, and note. His impartial behaviour toward the Christians, ii. 143. Causes that produced the persecution of the Christians under his reign, 145. Pub- lication of his edict, 151. His palace at Nicomedia twice in flames, 153. Issues a series of cruel edicts, 157. The dilemma, in which those placed him, was the real cause of his abdication, 163, note. Diogenes, a magistrate of the Chersonites,
D'Herbelot, instruction afforded by his Ori- ental library, vi. 8, and note. Diadumenianus, son and colleage of Ma- crinus, i. 177. His death, 182. Diadem, said to have been worn by Aure- lian, i. 385, note. Assumed by Diocletian, 456. The term first properly applied to Constantine's crown, vi. 200, note. Worn to the last by the Greek emperors, vii. 59, note. Diamonds, an article of oriental traffic with
Rome, i. 73, and note. The art of cutting them, unknown to the ancients, i. 209, note.
Diarbekir, provincial name of Amida, ii. 317. and note.
D'Ibelin, count of Jaffa, compiled the Assises de Jerusalem, vi. 466, and note.
Diogenes, one of the philosophers who went to Persia, iv. 355.
Diogenes, a Byzantine general in Italy, iv. 517.
Diolkos, the road for ships across the Isth- mus of Corinth, vii. 222, note.
Dion Cassius, his record of the advice given by Mæcenas to Augustus, i. 43, note; ii. 137, note. His views of the imperial authority, i. 161, note. Screened from the fury of the soldiers, by Alexander Se- Makes verus, 197. no mention of Christians in his history, ii. 99, note; 138, note.
Dionysius of Syracuse, his victories in the Olympic games, iv. 370, note; v. 121, note. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, character of his history by Gibbon, and by Niebuhr, v. 6, note.
Dionysius, a friend of Origen, ii. 120. Dionysius Periegeta, date of his work, iii. 160, note. His praise of Syria, vi. 38, note.
Diophantus, philosopher and first writer on, Algebra, vi. 148, and note. Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, his out- rageous behaviour at the second council of Ephesus, v. 228. Is deposed by the council of Chalcedon, 232. Dioscurias, a mercantile town of Colchis, iv. 479, note.
Disabul, great khan of the Turks, his recep- tion of the ambassadors of Justinian, iv. 459.
Discipline of the Roman army, i. 12. Au- gustus gave it the sanction of law, 96. Neglected by Commodus, 118. The ef- forts of Pertinax to restore it cause his murder, 133. Relaxed by Septimius Se- verus, 157. Dissolved under Caracalla by ease and luxury, 175. Revived by Clau- dius II., 355. Rigidly maintained by Au- relian, 361. Less cruel under Probus, 409. Corrupted by Constantine, ii. 216. Continues to degenerate, and Gratiau allows defensive armour to be laid aside, iii. 271.
Discipline, want of, among the Barbarians, i. 294. Introduced by Civilis, 295. Discipline, ecclesiastical, aided the progress of Christianity, ii. 49. The institution of penance was its most severe and solemn form, 64. Regulated by councils, ib. Different in the Eastern and Western churches, vi. 525.
Dispargum, residence of the early Mero- vingian kings, iv. 10.
Ditch, battle of the, or of the nations. Ma- homet's third engagement, v. 498. Divi, or Diva Gens, a name given by the Ro- mans to the coast of India, iii. 3, and note. Divination, prohibited in the Roman army by Aurelian, i. 361. The general practice of it condemned under rigorous penalties by Constantine, 458. Encouraged among the philosophers by Julian, 526. Divine right of Constantine asserted by the Christians, ii. 347. Divinity, attributes and titles of, usurped by Diocletian and Maximian, i. 455. Divorce, the liberty and abuse of, by the Roman laws, v. 54. Limitations of, 56. Docetes, their peculiar tenets, ii. 397; v. 202. Derivation of their name, ii. 399, note. Docles, supposed to be the original name of Diocletian, i. 421, note.
Doclia, a village in Dalmatia, from which Diocletian's mother derived her origin, i. 421, note.
Dodona, oracle of, its situation, iv. 519, note. Its bell, vi. 25, note. Doge of Venice, changes in the character of his office, vi. 540.
Domestics, military, of Constantine's palace, and the count commanding them, ii. 229, and note. The office held by Jovian when elected emperor, iii. 44. Domestic, the Great, commander of the land forces of the Eastera empire, vi, 202,
Dominic, Loricatus, St., his fortitude in flagellation, vi. 408.
Dominus, when this epithet was applied to the Ronian emperors, i. 455. Refused by the emperor Julian, ii. 497, and note. Domitian, events of his reign, i. 4, 6. His assassination, 96. His character, 106. His treatment of his kinsmen Flavius Sabinus, and Flavius Clemens, ii. 111. His memory condemned by the senate, 112.
Domitian, the oriental prefect, is sent by the emperor Constantius to reform the state of the East, then oppressed by Gallus, ii. 297. Is put to death there,
Domitilla, niece of Domitian, and wife of Flavius Clemens, banished, i. 111. Donative to the military by Claudius, af- terwards exacted as a legal claim, i. 136, and note.
Donatus, his contest with Cæcilian for the see of Carthage, ii. 389. History of the schism of the Donatists, 389, 453. Perse- cution of the Donatists by the emperor Honorius, iii. 533. Its consequences, 534. Doria, Pagano, Genoese admiral, vii. 113. Dorylæum, battle of, between the Turks and the first crusaders, vi. 441. Doxology, how introduced into the church- service, and how perverted, ii. 446. Dragoman, or Tagerman, an Oriental inter. preter, vi. 202, and note.
Dragon, the visitor general employed by Constantine Copronymus to dissolve the monasteries, v. 371.
Dramatic representations at Rome, a cha- racter of, iii. 420.
Dreams, the popular opinion of the preter- natural origin of, favourable to that of Constantine previous to his battle with Maxentius, ii. 355.
Drin, a river of Albania, vi. 322, note; vii. 282, note.
Drogo, Duke of Apulia, vi. 309. Dromedary, extraordinary speed of this ani mal, i. 377, note.
Dromones of the Greek empire, described, vi. 214, and note. Druids, their power in Gaul suppressed by the emperors Tiberius and Claudius, i. 40. Drungarius, a military or naval commander in the Greek empire, vi. 202, and note. Druses of Mount Libanus, a character of, vi. 391, note. Dschingis. See Zingis.
Du Bos, the Abbé, his works cited and criti- cized, ii. 215, note; vii. 342, note. Ducas, nobility of the family, v. 335. See Constantine and Michael.
Ducat, the golden coin of the dukes of Milan, vii. 226, note.
Ducenarius, an imperial procurator, with a salary of 200 sestertia, ii. 141, note. Duels, condemned, but tolerated, by Luit prand, the Lombard king, vi. 127.
Duke, derivation of that title, and great change in the modern, from the ancient, application of it, ii. 216. Introduced into the cities of Italy by Narses, iv. 535. Dumatians, a tribe in the desert of Arabia, v. 458.
Dunaan, a persecutor of the Christians in Arabia, iv. 494, and note.
Dura, a fortified place on the Tigris, where Jovian signed his treaty with Sapor, iii. 46. Durazzo, or Dyrrachium, passage to, from Brundusium, vi. 325. Siege of, by Robert Guiscard, 327. Battle of, between him and the Greek emperor Alexius, 330. The town taken, 333. Evacuated by Bohemond, 334. Raymond marches through, 429. Resists Bohemond, 473. The confederates of the fourth crusade land there, 548. Michael Angelus obtains possession of it, vii. 12.
Dyeing, the art of, imperfect in early times, iv. 311, and note.
Eagles of the Roman legions, objects of religious veneration, i. 12, note; 169, note. Earthquake, an extraordinary one over great part of the Roman empire, iii. 136. At Constantinople, 560. Account of those that happened in the reign of Justinian, iv. 547. At Antioch, 549. At Smyrna in the time of Marcus Antoninus, 548, note. At Rhodes when the Colossus fell, vi. 54.
East, empire of the, definitively separated from the Western by Arcadius, iii. 482. Its extent, 483. Its annals from the time of Heraclius tedious and dark, v. 284. Abjured the worship of images, 372. The worship restored by Irene, 396. Con- tracted limits of the empire, vii. 156. Its final fall, 323.
East India. See India.
Ecdicius, prefect of Egypt, ordered by Ju- lian to expel Athanasius, ii. 556. Ecdicius, son, or son-in-law of the emperor Avitus, his gallant conduct in Gaul, iv. 84. Ecebolus, an early lover of the empress Theodora, iv. 295.
Easter, disputed time for its celebration, iii. 233. Jews compelled by Justinian to conform to the Christian reckoning, v. 245, and note.
Ebermor, a Gothic prince, iv. 403.
Eckhel, M., has supplied a history of the Roman emperors from coins, i. 322, note. His objection to the designation of Ju lian by the name of "Apostate," ii. 503, note. His opinion of Gibbon's account of Julian, 559, note. His correction of an error respecting the supposed coins of Count Boniface, iii. 540, note. Respecting a coin of Theodoric, iv. 269, note. Iň Gibbon's quotation from a law of the em- peror Majorian, vii. 29, note.
Ebionites, account of that sect, ii. 14. A confutation of their errors, supposed, by the primitive fathers, to be a particular object in the writings of St. John the evangelist, 396.
their ideas of the person of Jesus Christ, v. 199.
Ecbatana, the royal residence in Media, i. 264
Eclectus, chamberlain of the emperor Com- modus, i. 126.
Ecclesiastes, the book of, not the production of Solomon, iv. 386. note.
Ecthesis of the emperor Heraclius, v. 251. Edda, of Iceland, its paradise of immortal
Ecclesiastical and civil powers, the distinc- tion between, not known before the legal establishment of Christianity, ii. 367. Ecclesiastics, Greek, subject to the civil magistrate, vi. 212.
drunkenness, i. 292, and note. Its system of mythology, 304, and note.
Edecon, is sent from Attila king of the Huns, as his ambassador to the emperor Theo- dosius the Younger, iii. 569. Engages in a proposal to assassinate Attila, 578. His son Odoacer, the first barbarian king of Italy, iv. 97.
Edessa, the capital of Osrhoene, i. 264, the purest dialect of the Syriac language spo- ken there, 264. Reduced by the Romans, 265, note. The emperor Valerian de- feated and made prisoner near its walls, 337. An early seat of Chrtstianity, ii. 78.
The property of the Christians there, confiscated by the emperor Julian for the disorderly conduct of the Arians, 553. Revolt of the Roman troops there, v. 160. Account of the school of, 257. History of the famous image, 363. The principality of, founded by Baldwin the crusader, vi. 444. Its Turkish name Orfa, ib., note. Is retaken by Zenghi, 487. The counts of, vii. 40.
Edict of Diocletian, ii. 151. Of Milan, pub- lished by Constantine the Great, ii. 342. Edict, the perpetual, v. 17.
Edicts of the prætors of Rome, under the
republic, their nature and tendency, v. 15. Edobic, ambassador from the usurper Con- stantine to the Franks, iii. 463. Edom, why that name was applied to the Roman empire by the Jews, ii. 90, note. Edrisites, the Saracen dynasty of, vi. 191. Edward I. of England, his crusade to the Holy Land, vi. 520.
Egbert, king of Wessex, Charlemagne's friend, v. 412, note. Egidius. See Egidius. Egilona. See Ayela.
Eginhard, secretary and historian of Charle- magne, v. 388, note. His marriage with Imma doubted, 484, note.
Egypt, general description of, i. 32. The superstitions of, with difficulty tolerated
at Rome, 40. Amount of its revenue, 202, Public works executed there by Probus, 407. Conduct of Diocletian there, 435. Egypt, progress of Christianity there, ii. 73. Its kings always priests, 368, note. -edict of the emperor Valens, to restrain the number of monks there, iii. 88. The worship of Serapis, how introduced there, 285. His temple, and the Alexan- drian library destroyed by bishop Theo- philus, 287.
origin of monkish institutions in, iv. 108. Supplies of wheat furnished by, for the city of Constantinople, 310. conquered by Chosroes II., v. 172. Ecclesiastical history of, 271.
reduced by the Saracens, vi. 56. Cap- ture of Alexandria, 63. Administration of, 67. Description of, by Amrou, 69. Conquered by the Turks, 488. Theatre of the fifth crusade, 510, and note. Of the sixth under St. Louis, 516. Govern- ment of the Mamalukes, 519. Ekebolius, a rhetorician, one of Julian's tutors, ii. 505, note. Elagabalus, his proper name Bassianus, high priest of the sun at Emesa, i. 180. Declared emperor by the troops, 181. Origin of his assumed name, 184. His reign and extravagance, 185. His death, 188. The first Roman who wore garments of pure silk, iv. 313.
Eleanora, queen of Edward I., vi. 520, and note.
Electors, seven, in Germany; their ranks and privilege, v. 431.
Elephant, era or war of the, v. 138, note; 463, and note.
Elephantine, Isle of, i. 437; iv. 342, note. Elephants, the number brought into the field by the ancient princes of the East, i. 266, note. Introduced in the circus at Rome in the first Punic war, 416. In Sapor's army at Nisibis, ii. 177. In Timour's, at Angora, vii. 178. Eleusinian mysteries, Julian initiated, ii. 515. Tolerated by the emperor Valen- tinian, iii. 84. The last remains of Pagan- ism, extirpated by Alaric, 340. Elijahs, Nestorian patriarchs of Mosul, v. 261.
Elixir, of immortal health, sought by the Arabians, vi. 150.
Elizabeth, queen, her politic use of pulpit oratory, ii. 383. Patronized the bards in Wales, iv. 228, note.
Ellac, eldest son of Attila, iv. 36. Eloquence, an aid to Christian devotion, ii. 382. A powerful engine of patriotism or ambition, iv. 351. Embroidery, of various devices on garments, iii. 408, and note; v. 365, note. cupation of Barbarian females, iii. 574. Emesa, or Hems, temple of the sun at, i. 180. Battle of, Zenobia defeated by Au- relian, 376. Taken by the Saracens, vi.
40. Recovered by Zimisces, 170. Again lost, 180. Held against the crusaders, 463. Emigration of the early population of Eu rope was always from East to West, i 271, note. Its nature and motives, 283. Did not proceed from Scandinavia, and was attracted by the spoils of richer lands, iii. 97, note; 345, note. Their numbers unduly magnified, 97 and 101, note. Confused accounts given by an cient writers, 365, note; 410, note; iv. 226. Emir, Arabian chief, his dignity and powers, v. 447. The root of our word admiral, vi. 203.
Emir al Omrah, appointed by the Turkish guards to supersede the vizirs, and rule the Caliph of Bagdad, v. 174, and note. Emir, an, of Saragossa appeals to the Diet of Paderborn, v. 409.
Emperors of Rome, general view of their system, i. 90. Legal jurisdiction of the senate over them, 130. Their republican forms and titles of offices laid aside by Diocletian and new dignities assumed, 454. Six at one time occupy the throne, 484. Their conduct towards the Chris- tians, ii. 86, 98. Their power displayed in the change of the national religion, 367. They retain, after the establish ment of Christianity, the title, ensigns, and prerogatives of Pontifex Maximus, 461. Gratian the First, who lays them aside, iii. 210, note; 275. A review of their constitutions. v. 18. Their legisla tive power, 20. Their rescripts, 21. Emperors of Constantinople obstinately re- tained the fictitious title of emperor of the Romans, iii. 482. Their pomp and luxury, vi. 196. Their officers and cere monies, 202. Their despotic power, 211. Their weakness and distress, vii. 156. Emperors of the West, Charlemagne revives the title, v. 403. Its dignity declines under his successors, 414. Is restored by Otho, 415; their authority in the election of the popes, 418, contrast be- tween them and Augustus, 425. Empire, Roman, the assigned causes of its decline are only symptoms, not the root, of the evils, i. 162, note. Its true cause indicated, ii. 375, note. Division of, into the Eastern and Western empires by Va- lentinian, iii. 69. Their final separation under Arcadius and Honorius, iii. 482. Empire of the East. See East. Empire of the West. See West. Encampment See Camp. England, derivation of its name, iii. 101, note, (or Britain). Described by Chalco- condylas, vii. 218. Admitted as one of the five great nations of Christendom, to vote in the council of Constance, 429, and note.
English. See Varangians. Ennodius writes the Life of Epiphanius,
bishop of Pavia, iv. 89, note. Is appointed, to that see by Theodoric, 254, note. Enoch, the book of, v. 471, note. Entertainments, or private banquets, at Rome, described by Ammianus Marcel- linus, iii. 412.
Entrails of animals not inspected in Ho- mer's sacrifices, iii. 282, note. Epagathus, punished by Alexander Severus for the murder of Ulpian, i. 197. Ephesus, the temple of Diana at, destroved by the Goths, i. 335. Councils of, v. 219, 228. Desolated by the Turks, vii. 141. Epictetus, his character of the Galilæans, ii. 108, note, 128.
Epictetus, an Arian bishop in Gaul, ii. 476 Epicureans, their opinions, i. 38. Prevalent among the higher classes in Italy, 79. Abhorred by Julian, ii. 525. One of the schools of Athens endowed by Hadrian, and the Antonines, iv. 350-353. Treba- tius said to have joined them, v. 28,
Epicurus, taught his disciples to act and to suffer, 351. Bequeathed to them his gardens and a fund for festivals, 352. Banished by the Athenians, 353. Epiphania. See Eudocia.
Epiphanius, bishop of Constantia, his de- scription of Arius, ii. 404, note. Joins in persecuting Chrysostom, iii. 504, note. Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, his embassy from Ricimer to Anthemius, iv. 89. His benevolence, ib., note. He intercedes with Odoacer for Pavia, 96; 103, note. Epirus, attacked by the Goths, i. 333. De- putation from, to Valentinian, iii 133. Occupied by Alaric, 342. Colonized by Paulicians, vi. 246. Invaded by Robert Guiscard, 337. By Bohemond, 473. Despotat of, vii. 12. Seat of the Castriot family, 279. See Albania.
Episcopal government. See Bishops. Epulos, priests who prepared the sacred banquets, iii. 274.
Erdaviraph, one of the seven Magi, elected to reform their religion, i. 253. Erixo, a Roman saved by Augustus from the fury of the people, v. 49. Eros and Anteros, two genii of love evoked by Iamblichus, ii. 514, note. Erpenius, translator of Elmacin's Saracen history, vi. 8, note. A proof of Latin ignorance of arithmetic, 141, note. Eslaw, one of Attila's ambassadors, iii. 579. Essenians, their community of goods, ii. 58. Their distinguishing tenets and practices, 73.
Estates of the Roman senators, their extent and cultivation, iii. 403, and note. Este, house of, their genealogy and connec- tion with the Guelphs of Brunswick, vi. 323, note; 475, note; vii. 442, note. Estius, a Dutch divine; his idea of Omni- potence, ii. 413, note.
Equestrian order, formed the cavalry of the republic; mostly employed in civil offices by the emperors, i. 16, and note. Equitius, master-general of Illyricum under Valentinian, iii. 130. Attempts to exclude Gratian from the throne, 135. Eras, of Antioch, ii. 545, note. Christian, iv. 358, 359, notes. Of Diocletian, or of the Martyrs, ii. 143, note. Gelalæan, vi. 382, note. Of the Hegira, v. 489, note. Of the Indictions, i. 498, note; ii. 232, and note. Of Julius Cæsar, vi. 90, note. Of Seleucus, i. 260, note. Of the World, iv. 357, 358, 359, notes. Of Yezdegerd, vi. 11, note.
Erasmus, his delineation of Hilary's cha- racter, ii. 411, note. His account of "Cimmerian darkness" in his Adagia, iii. 409, note. A rational theologian, vi. 254. note. Studied Greek at Oxford and taught it at Cambridge, vii. 257, note. VOL. VII.
Etruscans, or Tuscans, ancient inhabitants of central Italy, i. 26. Introduced the first haruspices among the Romans, iii. 282. And the Pelasgic alphabet, v. 6, note. Eucharist, a difficulty to the first reformers,
Eucherius, the son of Stilicho, put to death, iii. 388
Euchrocia of Bordeaux, widow of the orator Delphidius, put to death for Priscillian- ism, iii. 234.
Eudes, duke of Aquitain, repels the first Saracen invasion of France, vi. 128. De- feated, 129. Implores the aid of Charles Martel, 130. Recovers his dukedom, 132. Eudocia, or Athenais, her birth, character, and marriage with the emperor Theo- dosius the younger, iii. 516. Her literary works, 517. Her disgrace and death, 518. Her coins, 519.
Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III. is married to Hunneric, iv. 72.
Eudocia, widow of Constantine Ducas, v. 335. Marries Romanus Diogenes, 336. Cultivates philosophy, 337, vi 231. The Anecdota of Procopius known to her, iv. 291, note.
Eudocia, niece of Manuel Comnenus, para- mour of Andronicus, v. 347.
Eudocia, first wife of the emperor Heraclius, v. 178; 189, note; 289.
Eudocia, or Epiphania, their daughter, be- trothed to Ziebel, khan of the Chozars. v. 189, and note.
Eudocia of Damascus, her romantic story, vi. 35.
Eudoxia, her marriage with the emperor Arcadius, iii. 316. Stimulates him to give up his favourite Eutropius, 494. Persecutes Chrysostom, 506. Her death and character, 509.
Eudoxia, the daughter of Theodosins the younger, is betrothed to the young em- peror Valentinian III. of the West, iii. 527. Her character, iv. 39. Is com- pelled to marry the usurper Maximus, 45.
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