Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, v. 409. Grotius, his view of the political system of the Christians, ii. 345, note. His fable of Mahomet's pigeon, v. 511, note. Ap- proves the imperial laws of persecution, vi. 254, note. His imprisonment, and escape, ib.
Grumbates, king of the Chionites, attends Sapor, king of Persia, in his invasion of Mesopotamia, ii. 316. Loses his son at the siege of Amida, 317. Returns home in grief, 319.
Gruthungi (or Ostrogoths), another Latin corruption of Gothi, Goths, iii. 203, and
Guiscard, Robert, meets Leo IX. at Civi- tella, vi. 311. His birth and character, 312. Meaning of his surname, 314, note. Acquires the dukedom of Apulia, 316. His Italian conquests, 317. Besieges Durazzo, 326. Defeats the emperor Alexius, 330. Engages in the cause of pope Gregory VII., 336. His second expedition to Greece, and death, 338.
Guischardt, his Military Memoirs, i. 15, note; iii. 57, note Called Quintus Icilius, vi. 183, note; 330, note.
Guizot, M., his Preface to the second edition of his translation of this work, i. vii. His Memoir of the Life and Character of Gibbon, xvi. Error in his translation respecting Bohemond's escape, vi. 472,
Appoints Glycerius emperor of Rome, 93. Succeeds to the kingdom of Bur- gundy, 169. Calls a council of his bishops at Lyons, 170. Betrayed by his brother Godegesil, and defeated by Clovis, 171. His mild and impartial laws, 172. His argument in favour of the judicial combat, 190.
Gnnpowder has changed the military art, and secures Europe against the future irruptions of barbarians, iv. 210. Was not known to the Chinese in the thir- teenth century, vii. 125, note. Its in- vention and use, 203.
Gustavus Adolphus, called by the Austrians the lineal successor of Alaric, i. 304, note.
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, his character, vi. 496. Is defeated and taken prisoner by Saladin, 497. His release, 502, Gyarus, a small island, its poverty, i. 205.
Hadrian, emperor, constructs a rampart in Britain, i. 5, note. Relinquishes the eastern conquests of Trajan, i. 8. Their characters compared, 9. His character contrasted with that of Antoninus Pius, 9. His adoption by Trajan, 100. His choice of a successor, 101. Formed the harbour of Trebizond, 330. Excludes the Jews from Jerusalem and builds the city of Elia Capitolina on Mount Sion, ii. 11. Founds a library at Athens, iv. 352. His mausoleum converted into an arsenal by Belisarius, 411. His perpetual edict, v. 17, and notes. His mausoleum now the Castle of S. Angelo, vii. 445. Its threatened destruction by the Romans, 459.
Hadrian, a prætorian prefect, the Pharian whom Claudian offended by his epigram, iii. 391, and note. Hadrianople, battle of, between Constan- tine and Licinius, i. 518. Besie,ed by Fritigern, iii. 175. Battle of, between Valens and the Goths, 185. Again be sieged, 188. Escapes the ravages of Attila, 559. Revolts against the Latin emperor Baldwin, vii. 2. Roger de Flor invited there and assassinated, 78. Taken by Amurath I. and made the seat of the Ottoman government, 147, Hakem, caliph of Egypt, assumes a divine character to supplant the Mahometan faith, vi. 391. His sacrilege and death, 392. His disciples, the Druses, ib. and note.
Hakem I,, caliph of Spain, his cruelty at Cordova, vi. 155, note. Hamadanites, the Saracen dynasty of, in Mesopotamia, vi. 173.
Hamyarites, an Arabian tribe, vi. 42, note. Hanbal, Ahmed Ebn, head of a Mahometan sect, vi. 174, note.
Hannibal, state of the Alps when crossed by him, i. 494, and note; and of Rome when he besieged that city, iii. 397, and note.
Hannibalianus, youngest son of Constan- tius Chlorus, by his second marriage, left to the care of his half-brother Con- stantine, i. 477. Led a private life in affluence, and had no posterity, ii. 249. Hannibalianus, son of Dalmatius and ne- phew of Constantine, ii. 249. Has the titles of nobilissimus and king, 256. Provinces which formed his kingdom, 258. Married his cousin Constantina, 268, 281. Murdered by Constantius, 268.
Hanseatic League, its origin and influence, v. 431; vi. 280, note.
Happiness of the human race from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commo- dus; its precarious nature, i. 104. Of individuals not dependent on power and magnificence, v. 353; vi. 142.
Haran, pilgrimage of the Sabians to its temple of the Moon, v. 46. See Carrhe. Harbii, idolaters or atheists, not tolerated by Mahometans, vi. 104, note.
Hardouin, Father, attributes the Eneid to monks of the thirteenth century, ii. 56,
Harem, its secrecy inviolable among the Turks, vii. 172, and note. That of Bajazet captured by Timour, 181. Harmozan, the Persian satrap, his inter- view with caliph Omar, vi. 17. Harpies, an ancient mythological history, Le Clerc's conjecture concerning, ii. 177, note. Harun al Rashid, caliph, his birth at Rei, v. 143. His friendly correspondence with Charlemagne, 412. His wars with the Greek empire, vi. 152. His reign, 153. Poisons Edris, 171, note.
Haruspices, consulted by Constantine, ii. 245, note. By Julian, iii. 39. Their art invented in Etruria, ib. note, 282, note. Hashem, ancestor of Mahomet, from whom the family take the name of Hashemites, vi. 457, 462.
Hassan, or Hasan, son of Ali, wounded in defending Othman, v. 522. Succeeds his father, and resigns, 526, and note. His benevolence, 527, and note.
Hassan, governor of Egypt, takes Carthage, vi. 82.
Hassan, a janizary, leads the assault of Constantinople, vii. 322.
Hatra, a town through which Jovian re- treated, iii. 51, note. Hawking. See Falconry.
Hawkwood, Sir John, commander of a mer- cenary band in Italy, vii. 212, and note. Hebal, statue in the temple of Mecca, v.
Hebdomon, an imperial palace near Con- stantinople, iii. 68, note. The Saracens land there, vi. 115.
Heeren's Prize Essay on the influence of the Crusades, vi. 572, note; vii. 38, note. Hegira, the era fixed by Omar, v. 489. Heineccius, his works on Roman Law; errors discovered in them, v. 3, note; 15 and 17, notes.
Hejaz, the province of Arabia in which Mahomet was born, v. 438.
Helena, the mother of Constantine, i. 472. Converted to Christianity by her son, ii. 341, note.
Helena, sister of the emperor Constantius, married to Julian, ii. 304. Is reported to be deprived of children by the arts of the empress Eusebia, 306. Her death, 475. Helena, daughter of Romanus Lecapenus,
and wife of Constantine Porphyrogeni- tus, v. 324.
Helena, the last empress of Trebizond, vii. 335, note.
Helena, supposed to have been a daughter of Licinius, and wife of Crispus, ii. 253,
Helena, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, ii. 280, and note.
Heliopolis, or Baalbec, in Syria, taken by the Saracens, vi. 40. See Baalbec. Heliopolis, in Egypt, promised by Amaury, to obtain the support of the knights Hospitallers in his projected invasion, vi. 491, note.
Hell, according to Mahomet, v.481. Hellespont, the Goths penetrate through it, i. 333. Naval victory of Crispus on its waters, 519. Its form and extent, ii. 180. The Saracens pass through it to besiege Constantinople, vi. 115. Cross it at Abydos for the second siege, 120. Crossed by Frederic Barbarossa with his army, to avoid Constantinople, 479. Crossed by the Turks, who establish themselves at Gallipoli, vii. 147. Helmichis assists Rosamund to murder Alboin, and is poisoned by her, v. 107. Helvetia, amount of its population in the time of Cæsar, i. 283, note. Its northern part occupied by the Allemanni and Suevi, iv. 163, notes; vii. 354, note. Hendinos, name given by the Burgundians to their king or general, iii. 98. Hengist, his arrival in Britain, iv. 213. His establishment in Kent, 214.
Henoticon, a concordat promulgated by the emperor Zeno, v. 236, and note. Henry succeeds his brother Baldwin as emperor of Constantinople, vii. 17. His character and administration, 20. Henry the Fowler, saves and institutes the kingdom of Germany, v. 415. Defeats the Hungarians, vi. 271. Henry III., emperor, his contest with pope Gregory VII, vi. 335. Takes Rome, and sets up pope Clement III., 336. Henry VI., emperor, conquers and pillages the island of Sicily, v. 356.
Henry IV., of France, contrast and resem.
blance between him and Clovis, iv. 169. Reminded of the Sicilian Vespers, vii. 73, note.
Henry V. of England, influence of his vic- tories, vii. 429, note.
Henry VIII. of England, compared with Constantine the Great, ii. 245, note. Henry the Wonderful, duke of Brunswick, vii. 92, notes.
Heptarchy, Saxon, established in Britain, iv. 219. State of Britain under the Saxons, 222.
Hera, Mahomet's cave, near Mecca, v. 468. Heraclea, in Pontus, a naval station of the Goths, i. 332. Destroyed by Harun al Rashid, vi. 154. Its early history by Memnon, ib., note.
Heraclea, in Thrace, the ancient Perinthus, i. 154, note. Diocletian elected there, 419. Maximin defeated, 504. First colony of the Genoese, vii. 61.
Heraclea Lyncestis, the ancient, name of Pelagonia, or Perlepe, vi. 423, note. Heraclea near Iconium; now Eregli, on the line of march of the first crusade, vi. 443,
note. Heracleonas, emperor of Constantinople, v. 289. Deposed and mutilated, 291. Heraclian, kills Stilicho, iii. 387. Count of Africa, retains that province in obedience to Honorius, iii. 437. His cruel usage of the refugees from the sack of Ronie by Alaric, 446 His revolt and death,
Heraclianus conspires against Gallienus, i. 352.
Heraclius, exarch of Africa; is invited to
dethrone Phocas, and resigns the enter- prise to his son, v. 167. Heraclius, deposes Phocas, and is chosen emperor, v. 168. Conquests of Chosroes II. king of Persia, 169. Distress of Hera- clius, 175. Accepts an ignominious peace from Chosroes, 177. His first expedition against the Persians, 180. His second expedition, 182. Alliance with the Turks, 188. His third expedition, 190. treaty of peace with Persia, 195. His triumph and pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 196. His theological inquiries, and Ec- thesis, 250. Marries his niece Martina, 289. Appoints his two sons joint succes- sors to the empire, 289. Invasion of his provinces by the Saracens, vi. 29. Flies from Syria, 49. His death, v.
Ileraclius the prefect, his expedition against the Vandals in Africa, iv. 80. He joins Basiliscus, 81.
Heraclius the eunuch, instigates the empe-
ror Valentinian III. to the murder of the patrician Etius, iv. 37. His death, 40. Hereum, a palace built by Justinian near Chalcedon, iv. 336.
Herat, a temple of the Ghebers destroyed there, vi. 107.
Herbelot. See D'Herbelot.
Hercules, his statue at Heraclea, vi. 154. Hercules, columns of, i. 33; vi. 87. Herculians, a body of imperial guards, i, 453; iii. 31. Join the revolt of Proco- pius, 72.
Herculius, a title assumed by Maximian, i. 425.
Hercynian forest, its extent unknown in the time of Cæsar, i. 274, note. A part of it penetrated by Julian, ii. 430, and note Hereditary monarchy, its beneficial influ ence, i. 215. An element of Gothic government, not found among any Italian people, iii. 469, note
Heresy in religion, the origin of, traced, ii. 16. Edict of Constantine the Great against, 387. Seven edicts of Theodosius against it, iii. 232. Unfeeling conduct of pope Leo, against it, iv. 49, note. Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, his conquests, iii. 125. His death, 164. Hermanstadt in Transylvania, built by Germans, vi. 274, note. Hermenegild, or Ermenigild, prince of Bætica, his marriage with Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, and conversion to the Nicene faith, iv. 149. His revolt and death, 151. His gold coins, 180, note Herminianus, Claudius, governor of Cappa- docia, ii. 117, note.
Hermits, of the East, their mortified course of life, iv. 126. Miracles ascribed to them and their relics, 128. Hermodorus, the Ephesian, assists the Ro mans in compiling their Twelve Tables of laws, v. 7.
Hermogenes, master-general of the cavalry, is killed in the attempt to banish Paul bishop of Constantinople, ii. 450. Hermogenian code, a lost compilation of Roman laws, v. 21.
Hero and Leander, their story, ii. 181, note. Herod, son of Odenathus, his death, i. 373. Herodes Atticus, his extraordinary fortune and munificence, i. 60. Herodian, his authority as an historian, compared with that of Dion Cassius, i. 117, note. Not the grammarian of Alex- andria, 160, note. His Life of Alexander Severus, why preferable to that in the Augustan History, 200, note. Herodian, an officer under Belisarius, be- trays Spoleto, iv. 515. Herodians, a Jewish sect, ii. 4, note. Herodias, the subject of a homily attributed to Chrysostom, iii. 506.
Herodotus, his character of the Persian worship, i. 255.
Heruli, enter into the service of Gallienus, i. 334. Form a legion in Julian's army, ii. 465. Conquered by Hermanric, near the Palus Mæotis, iii. 125. Part of the army of Odoacer, who is said to be their king, iv. 95, note. Letter of Theodoric to their king, 958. Their history and mean.
ing of their name, ib., note. Serve under Narses in Italy, 424, 533. Fables of Pro- copius respecting them, 424, note. Hexamilion, the rampart of the Isthmus of Corinth, vii. 222, note. Broken down by the Turks, 334.
Hierapolis, near the Euphrates, visited by Julian, iii. 12.
Hierarchy of the church; its origin, ii. 51. Its progress, 55 Its pride, 65. Of the State, 197 Of Pagan Rome, iii. 273, and
Hierocles, favourite of Elagabalus, i. 186, note, 188.
Hieroglyphics, at Thebes in Egypt, ex- plained to Germanicus, ii. 310, note. Hieromax. See Fermuk. Hieronymus. See Jerom.
Hilarion, the monk, his miracle at Epi- daurus, iii. 137, note. His wanderings, iv. 113, and note.
Hilarius, friend of Libanius, pleads for Antioch, iii. 252. Governor of Palestine, 254.
Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, laments the di- versity of Christian doctrines, ii. 411. His exposition of the term Homoiousion, 414. Banished by Constantius, 437. Restored with the other exiles by Julian, 521.
Hilary, pope, censures the emperor Anthe- mius for his tolerant principles, iv. 77.
Hilderic, the Vandal king of Africa, his indulgence to his Catholic subjects dis- pleases both the Arians and Athana- sians, iv. 360. Is deposed by Gelimer, 360. Put to death, 374.
Hildibald, elected king by the Goths in Italy, iv. 502.
Hindoos, not the disciples of Zoroaster, vi. 106, note.
Hindostan, trade with Rome, i. 72. Roman taxes on its commodities, 268, and note. Early Christian church there, v. 262. First visited by the Portuguese, 279, and note. Invasions of Mahmud the Gaz- nevide, vi. 360. Conquest of, by Timour, vii. 168.
Hippo Regius, Augustin its bishop, iii. 302, Siege of, by Genseric king of the Vandals, 537.
Hippolytus, his statue and chair, i. 180, note. His conversion to Christianity, ii. 81, note. His treatise against heretics, v. 202, note.
Hira, a kingdom and city of Arabia, iv. 469, and note. Its situation, v. 446. Taken by the Saracens, and now Medschid Ali, vi. 9, and note.
Hismahelites, a Sclavonian tribe that set- tled in Hungary, vi. 273, note. History, the principal subjects of, i. 299 Eastern, little known before Mahomet, 341, note. Its tone rises and falls with the spirit of the age, v. 286.
Holagou, grandson of Zingis, his conquests, vii. 127.
Holy war. See Crusades, and Gazi. Homer, a soul like his not to be sought in a period of civil and religious slavery, ii. 188. Studied by Julian through an alle- gorical interpretation, 505, note; 508. The veils of his Trojan princesses not brought from Sidon, iv. 310, note. His writings brought into Italy by Barlaam, vii. 245. Presented to Petrarch, 246. Translated by Boccace, with the assist- ane of Leo Pilatus, 248. Printed at Florence, 257, note.
Homerites, an Abyssinian colony in Arabia, iv. 493, and note. Their vicissitudes, 496. Their war of the elephant, v. 138, note. 463, and note.
Homicide, voluntary, penance ordained for it by St. Basil, iii. 258, and note. See Fines.
Homoousion, origin and use of that term at the council of Nice, ii, 408. And Homoi- ousion, the distinction between, 414. Honain, war of, v. 502. Honain, a Nestorian physician at Bagdad, translates Greek works into Arabic, vi. 146, note.
Hongvou, a Chinese prince, vii. 186. Honoratus, archbishop of Milan, driven from his see by the Lombards, v. 104. Honoria, sister of Valentinian III., iv. 12. Honorians, Barbarian auxiliaries of the usurper Constantine, iii. 380.
Honorius, son of Theodosius the Great, is declared emperor of the West by his dying father, iii. 269. Ascends the throne, 306 Marries Maria, the daughter of Sti- licho, 332. His character, 333. Flies from Milan on the invasion of Italy by Alaric, 348. Besieged in Asta, 351. His triumphant entry into Rome, 356. Abo- lishes the combats of gladiators, 358. Fixes his residence at Ravenna, 358. Orders the death of Stilicho, 387. His measures unite his Barbarian soldiers against him under Alaric, 394. His couu- cils distracted by the eunuchs, 430. His overtures to Attalus and Alaric, 436. His laws for the relief of Italy, 458. His triumph for the reduction of Spain by Wallia, 472. Gives independence to Britain and Armorica, 476. Convenes the Seven Provinces of Gaul, 480. Banishes his sister Placidia, 524. His death, ib. His persecution of the Donatists, 533. Two sovereigns of Southern Europe likened to him and his brother, iv. 238. Honour, the new ranks of, introduced in Constantinople, ii. 198, vi. 199. Hormisdas, a fugitive Persian prince, in the court of the emperor Constantius, his remarks on the city of Rome, ii. 309, note. His history, and station under Julian, iii. 16. Requested by Sapor to 1 mediate a peace with Julian, 32. His
son supports the revolt of Procopius, 72.
Hormous, son of Chosroes, king of Per- sia, his accession, v. 141. His cha- racter, 142. Is deposed, and killed,
Hormuz, a competitor for the throne of Persia, i. 441.
Horns of the urus or wild bull, used by the Goths for trumpets, iii. 173, and note. For drinking-cups, v. 122, note. Horses, of Cappadocia, ii. 228. Of Sicily, iv., 370, note. "Of Venetia, v. 121, note. Of Arabia, 410. The two marble statues of Monte Cavallo at Rome, iv. 268, and note; vii. 445, 466. The four bronze conveyed from Constantinople to Venice, vi. 573, note.
Hortaire, king of the Allemanni, submits to Julian, ii. 333.
Hosein, the son of Ali, his death, v. 529. Hospitallers, knights of St. John of Jerusa- lem, origin and rules of the order, vi. 464, and note. Join Amaury in his invasion of Egypt, 491, note. Employ Turkish mercenaries, 497, note. After the fall of Acre take refuge in Cyprus, 522. Obtain possession of Rhodes. Defend it against Othman, vii. 142, and note. Charged with the defence of Smyrna, 145, note. Their loss in the battle of Nicopolis, 151,
Hostilianus, son of Decius, elected empe- ror, under the guardianship of Gallus, i. 317. His death, 318.
Houris, of Mahomet's Paradise, v. 483. Houses, of Constantinople inconveniently crowded together, ii. 193. Of Rome, their general character, iii. 422. Of Assyria, materials of which they were built, vi. 15, and note.
Houssein, brother-in-law and colleague of Timour, vii. 163, and note.
Hugh, king of Burgundy, his marriage with Marozia, and expulsion from Rome by Alberic, v. 422.
Hugh, count of Vermandois, engages in the first crusade, vi. 420. Is shipwrecked, and made captive by the Greeks, 430. His return, 450.
Hughes, Mr., makes the siege of Damascus the subject of a tragedy, vi. 35, note. Hugo, king of Italy; his daughter Bertha betrothed to young Romanus, vi. 209. Huissers, or Palanders, flat-bottomed ships for conveying cavalry, vi. 551, note. Human nature, its propensities, ii. 43. Human race, the period during which its condition was the most happy, i. 104. Its numbers diminished in the time of Gal- lienus, 350. Of Justinian, iv. 554. Hume, Mr., his Natural History of Religion, the best commentary on the polytheism of the ancients, i. 36, note. His difficulty, as to the extent of the imperial palace at Rome, solved, 167, note. Charges the.
most refined and philosophic sects with intolerance, 259, note. Believed the cru- sades to have been contrived by the popes, vi. 511, note.
Hungarians, their first appearance in Eu- rope, vi. 262. Called Turks by the Greeks, by themselves Magyars, 263. Their lan- guage and origin, 265. Habits and cha racter, 267. Their devastation, 269. Defeat 271. Acquiesce in a sedentary life, 273.
Hungary, establishment of the Huns in, iii. 549. State of, under Charlemagne, v. 410. Peopled by a mixture of races, vi. 273, note; 274, note; vii. 14, note. Conquered by the Mongols, 130. Wars with the Ottomans, 151, 267.
Huniades, John, his exploits against the
Turks, vii. 270. His history, 277. His defence of Belgrade, and death, 278. Huniades, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hun- gary, vii. 278, and note.
Hunneric, the son of Genseric, king of the Vandals, marries Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian II. iv. 72. Persecutes bis Catholic subjects, 140. His cruelty to those of Tipasa, 147.
Huns, their original seat, and their con- quests, iii. 151. Their decline, 155. Two divisions of them:-the White Huns, Euthalites, occupy Sogdiana, 158. The Huns of the Volga emigrate, 159. First mentioned by Dionysius Periegeta, 160, note. Defeat the Alani, 162. Over- come the Ostrogoths, 164. Are defeated by Toulun, and press on the confines of Germany, 363. Occupy the lands in modern Hungary, from which they had driven the Ostrogoths, 549. Commanded by Attila, 550. His empire exaggerated, 553, note. Their incursions in Media and Syria magnified, 556, note. Ravage the Eastern empire, 559. Treaty of peace with Theodosius II., 565. Invade Gaul, iv. 14. Defeated at Chalons, 22. Invade Italy, 26. Retreat, 34. Their empire expires with Attila, 36. Hunting of wild beasts, when a virtue, and when a vice, i. 123. Is the school of war, iii. 146.
Hycsos, shepherd-kings, v. 499, note. See
Hyginus, an ancient tactician, i. 20, note. Hypatia, the female philosopher, murdered
by Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, v. 213. Hypatius, sedition of, at Constantinople, iv. 307.
Hyphasis, ancient name of one of the rivers of the Punjaub, i. 35, and note; vii. 169.
Ibas, bishop of Edessa, and friend of Nes- torius, v. 247.
Iberia, conquered by Trajan, i. 7. The nomination of its kings by Diocletian,
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