449. Converted to Christianity, ii. 366. Receives the name of Georgia, iv. 348; vi. 372.
Iberian gates of mount Caucasus, iv. 348. occupied by Cabades king of Persia, 349. Ibrahim, descendant of Mahomet's uncle Abbas, claims the Caliphate, vi. 134. His imprisonment and death, 135.
Ibrahim, founder of the Aglabites, vi. 174, Ibrahim, vizir of Amurath II., vii. 194. Icasia, by a pert reply, offends the emperor Theophilus, v. 313.
Iceni, the British tribe, i. 25.
Ichoglans, young janizaries attached to the sultan's person, vii. 201..
Ichthyophagi, savage fishermen of Gedrosia, i. 261, note. Of Hejaz, v. 439, note. Iconium, or Cogni, the first crusaders pass through, vi. 443, and note. After the loss of Nice, made the residence of the Seljukian sultans, 474, and note. Taken by Frederic Barbarossa, 482. By the Mongols, vii. 428. Iconoclasts, the sect opposed to the worship of images, v.368. Break the images and persecute the monks, 370. Are resisted by the Western church, 377. By the empress Irene, 396. Finally overcome by the empress Theodora, 398. Idatius describes the state of Spain, after the irruption of the Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, iii. 467. His date for the passage of the Vandals into Africa, 531, note. Bishop of Iria Flavia, and prisoner in the hands of the Suevi, iv. 55, and note.. Idolatry, an unsatisfactory religion in an advanced stage of society, ii. 3. note. Ascribed by the primitive Christians to the agency of dæmons, 19. Suffered to linger in Rome, 460. Derivation of the word, 462, note. Prolonged among the rural population by its festivals, iii. 291, note. Imputed to Christian image-wor- ship by Jews and Mahometans, v. 365. Practised by the early Arabians, 457. Forbidden by the law of Mahomet, 469. Igilium, or Egilium, the island to which the Romans Hed from Alaric, iii. 444. Igmazen, king of a Moorish tribe, iii. 116. Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, did not refer to the gospels, but to the traditions of the apostles, as rules of faith, ii. 17, note. Escaped martyrdom, 118, note. His zeal, 128. His letter to the church of Smyrna levelled against the Docetes, v. 202, note.
Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople dis- placed, and restored, vi. 526. Igor, son of Ruric, leads the third Russian expedition against Constantinople, vi. 284. yours, or Vigours, a Tartar nation, iii. 152. Overthrow the remnant of the Huns, iv. 37. Migrate to the banks of the Irtish, vi. 265.
Ikshidites, the Saracen dynasty, vi. 173. Ildico, married to Attila, iv. 34.
| Пlerda, (Lerida), its ruinous state, i. 323,
Ilium, supposed design of Julius Cæsar, and of Augustus, to build there a new seat of empire, i. 451, note. Of Constantine to do the same. ii. 182.
Illiberis, near Granada, council of, ii. 64. Illiberis, at the foot of the Pyrenees, rebuilt by Constantine and named Helena, ii. 280, note.
Illustrious, a rank of honour created by Constantine, ii. 199, 222.
Illyricum, the Roman province, i. 27. The security of its frontier restored by Au- relian, 364. Divided between Gratian and Theodosius, iii. 194. Again between Arca- dius and Honorius, 307. Alaric, master- general of the Eastern, 342. Reunited and attached to the Eastern empire by Theodosius II., 527.
Imaus, mountain in central Asia, iv. 451, note. See allai, and Caf.
Imma, daughter of Charlemagne, v. 404, note.
Imma, near Antioch, defeat and death of Macrinus, i. 182, note. Zenobia defeated, 375, note, Immortality of the soul, the doctrine assists the progress of Christianity, ii. 23. Immortals, a Persian military band, iii. 45. Imperator, in the Roman history, explained, 1. 81, note. The imperial prerogatives,
84. The court, 90. Its sense altered, 454. Ina, the legislator of Wessex, iv. 228. His pilgrimage to Rome, v. 376, note. Incarnation, history of the doctrine, v. 198. Incest, natural, and arbitrary, distinguished, v. 58. Roman Law on, 59. Income, the Roman tax on, called the Lus- tral Contribution, v. 242..
India, embassy from, to Constantine, ií. 265. To Julian. iii. 3. Some of its science probably derived from the Greeks of Bactriana, iv. 458, note.. See Hindostan. Indictions, commencement of the era, i. 498, nate. Mode of levying tribute, and the measure of time connected with it, ii. 232, and note; 235. Indulgencès, papal, their origin and nature, vi. 407 Employed as an incentive to the crusades, 409..
Infants, exposure or murder of, prohibited by an edict of Constantine, i. 512, and notes. Many saved and brought up by the early Christians, ii. 62.. Infernal regions of the ancients created by 2 M
the fancy of poets, ii. 25. Entrance to iii. 409, note.
Ingenui, recognized by the Roman law, vi. 424, note.
Ingo, king of Sweden, i. 304, note. Ingulphus, accompanies and relates the pilgrimage of the German bishops, vi. 393, note.
Ingundis, wife of the Spanish prince Her- menegild, iv. 149.
Inheritance, tax on, imposed by Augustus, i. 210. The Roman law, 65. Testamentary dispositions of property, 68. The Voco- nian law, 71.
Injuries, Roman laws to redress, v. 76. Innocence, one-of Valentinian's bears, iii. 80. Innocent I., pope, accompanies the embassy from Rome to Honorius, and remains at Ravenna, iii. 430, and note. Innocent II., pope, driven from Rome by Anacletus, vi. 342. Excommunicates Roger, king of Sicily, ib. Is taken pri- soner by him and reconciled, 343. Op- poses Arnold of Brescia, and employs Bernard to preach a second crusade, vii, 353, and note. His final triumph over Anacletus, 385.
Innocent III., founds the Inquisition and persecutes the Albigeois, vi. 250; vii. 380. note. His ambition and despotic exer. cise of power, vi. 509. The most active promoter of the crusades, 510. Guar- dian of the emperor Frederic II., and makes him assume the cross, 512, and note. Makes John of England surrender his crown to him, 473, note; 510. Em- ploys Fulk of Neuilly to preach the fourth crusade, 535. and note. Excommunicates the crusaders for the siege of Zara, 545, and note. Condemns their conduct at Constantinople, 566. In his letters par- dons them, on condition of their securing the obedience and tribute of the East to the church of Rome, vii. 4, and note. Innocent IV., indefatigable in his efforts to promote the crusades, vi. 512, note. Innocent, VI., his efforts to renew the cru- sades, vi. 512, note. One of the popes
of Avignon, vii. 380, note. Inquisition, its code contains the laws of Spain against the Jews, iv. 155. Confirms the belief in an evil principle, vi. 250. Its foundation by Innocent III. a most signal triumph over humanity, 510. Inquisitor of the faith, an office established by Theodosius, iii. 233.
Institutes of Roman law, various, v. 44. Institutes of Justinian, declared by him to be legitimate, v. 37. An analysis of them, 44. Greek paraphrase of them by Theophilus, 20, note; vi. 226, note. Insula, lodging-house in Rome, iii. 422. Interest of money, how regulated by the Roman law, v. 74, and note. Interregnum, after the death of Aurelian, i. 388, and note.
Intiline, one of the five provinces ceded to Rome by Persia, i. 448. Restored by Jovian, iii. 52.
Investitures, papal, of Naples and Apulia to the Normans; their origin, vi. 312, and note. Feudal, of the Franks in Gaul, iv. 194, and note.
Iona, one of the Hebrides, iv. 113, and note. Irak. See Media. Iran. See Persia.
Ireland, the Western isle, i. 5, note. Erin or lerne, does not signify Green, iii. 108. and note. Converted by Patrick or Suc- coth, 376, note; iv. 100, note. Irenæus, bishop of Lyons, was obliged to
acquire the Celtic language, i. 47, note; ii. 36, note. Wrote in Latin, v. 202, note. Irene, daughter of the Khan of the Chazars, marries the emperor Constantine Copro- nymus, v. 304, and note.
Irene, an Athenian orphan, wife of the em- peror Leo IV., v. 304. Guardian of their son Constantine; neglects his education, 305. Blinds him, and assumes the em- pire, 306. Is deposed and banished to Lesbos, 307. Image-worship restored by her, 396.
Irene, wife of Alexius Comnenus, favors the attempt of her daughter Anna, to obtain the throne, v. 341.
Irene, or Bertha, a German princess, first wife of Manuel I., Comnenus, v. 345. Irene, or Pansophia, concubine of Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, v. 232, and note.
Irmentrud, sister of Charlemagne, and
mother of the Guelfs, v. 428, note. Irnac, youngest son of Attila, his fate, iv. 37. Iron, the most powerful instrument of hu man industry, i. 281. Scarcely known to the ancient Germans, ib. Of Imaus, forged by the first Turks, iv. 451, and note. Iron cage. See Bajazet.
Isa, son of Bajazet I. His fate, vii. 192. Isaac I. Comnenus, emperor of Constanti-
nople, v. 334. His abdication, 335. Isaac II. Angelus, is deposed by his brother Alexius, vi. 534. Is restored by the cru- saders, 557. His death, 562. Isaac, son of John Comnenus, and father of the emperors of Trebizond, invests his younger brother Alexius with the empire, v. 339. Isaac, son of Alexius Comnenus, his con- cord with his brother John, v. 342. His rebellion and reconciliation, 346. Isaac, archbishop of Armenia, his apology for the vices of king Artasires, iii. 522. Isaurians, a wild and barbarous race, i. 349. Rebel under Trebellianus, ib. Remain independent, though defeated by Probus, 389. Trouble the reign of Constantius, and besiege Seleucia, ii, 303. Support the emperor Zeno, iv. 340. Submit to Anastasins, 342. The emperor Leo III., their countryman, v. 300.
Isidore of Miletus, one of the architects of St. Sophia, iv. 330.
Isidore of Gaza, one of the philosophers that went to Persia, iv. 354, 356, note. Isidore of Seville, approves the persecution of the Jews in Spain, iv. 154, note. His Chronicle, 208, 393, note.
Isidore, the husband of Hypatia, v. 213, note.
Isidore of Pelusium, abbot; his letters, v. 215, note.
Isidore, primate of Russia, accompanies John Palæologus to Florence, vií. 230. Assents to the union of the churches, 236. Is created a cardinal, ib. On his return to Russia, is condemned by a synod, imprisoned and escapes to Rome, 265. Goes as legate to Constantinople, and concludes a new act of union, 305. Isis, the Egyptian Deity, wife of Osiris or Serapis, worshipped in Rome, i. 40. Demolition of their temple, ib., and notes. Precedency given to her in Egypt over her husband, iii. 286, note.
Islam, its two articles of belief, v. 468. Its rites, 477, 480.
Ismael, the Arabs his posterity, v. 137, note; 444.
Ismael, a chief of the race of Seljuk, vi. 365. Ismael Beg, last prince of Sinope; submits to Mahomet II., vii. 336.
Isocrates, the companion of Plato and Xenophon, iv. 350. His first stipend, 352. Issus, the camp of Heraclius, v. 180. Its bay (now the Gulf of Scanderoon), vi. 243, note.
Ister, the Greek name of the Danube, i. 28. Istria, origin of its name, i. 28, note. In- cluded in Italy, 26. Crispus conveyed there and put to death, ii. 253. Gallus has the same fate there, 300. Conquered by Alaric, iii. 346. A new Campania formed there, iv. 270. Acquired by Venice, vi. 539.
Italica, near Seville, founded by Scipio Africanus. Birth-place of the emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius, (and of Silius Italicus), iii. 194, note. Italy, the seat of Roman sovereignty, divided by Augustus into eleven regions; did not include the present Lombardy, i. 26. Its pre-eminence over the provinces, and exemption from taxes, 43. Receives Severus without resistance, 145. Made subject to a proportion of the public burdens by Augustus, 207. Extinction of its exclusive privileges, 214. First invasion of Barbarians, 325. Invaded by Aureolus, 351. By the Allemanni,
364. Entered by Galerius, 481. Oppres- sed by Maxentius, 491. Delivered by Constantine, 501. Invaded by Maximus, iii. 242. By Alaric, 347. By Radagaisus, 367. Again by Alaric, 395. Depravity of its inhabitants in the 16th century, 447. Occupied four years by the Goths, 450. Evacuated by them, 457. Invaded by Attila, iv. 26. By Genseric, 46. Con- quered by Odoacer; becomes a kingdom, 98. Its distress mitigated by his huma nity, 105. Conquered by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 253. Its inhabitants reserved by him for the arts of peace, 257. rishes under his government, 269. In- vaded by Belisarius, 403. By the Franks, 425. Its Gothic kingdom subdued by Belisarius, 429. Restored by Totila or Badvila, 503. Finally subverted by Nar- ses, 529. Invasion of the Franks and Allemanni, 530. Their defeat, 533. Government of the Exarchs of Ravenna, 534. Distress and depopulation of the country, 536. Kingdom of the Lombards founded by Alboin, v. 104. Its extent and the exarchate of Ravenna, 118. Formation of the modern Italian lan- guage, 119. State of the people improved by mild and equitable government, 127. Allegiance to the Eastern empire thrown off, and temporal power of the pope established, 372, 377. Lombard kingdom conquered by Charlemagne, 386. Chan- ges that followed his death, 414. Cala- mitous expeditions of the German en- perors, 425, Rise of the municipal republics, 426. Factions of the Guelfs and Ghibelines, 428, vii. 348. Inroad of the Hungarians, vi. 269. Conflict of the Greeks, Normans, and Saracens, 294. New Greek province, 297. First arrival of the Normans, 301. Their final extinc- tion, 357. Revival of Greek learning in Italy, vii. 469. Cultivation of the Fine Arts, 469, and note.
Ithacius, or Idacius, his cruelty to Priscil- lian, iii. 235, and note. Itinerary of Antoninus, from the wall in Britain to Jerusalem, i, 67, note. From Bordeaux to Jerusalem, ii. 532, note. In Italy, from Mediolanum to Columna Rhe- gina, v. 116, note. Per Macedoniam usque Constantinop., vii. 18, note.
Jaafar, slain in the battle of Muta, v. 505. Jabalah, an Arabian of the tribe of Gassan,
who took the Christian name of Manuel, and commanded the Greek army at the battle of Yermuk, vi. 44.
Jacob, son of Leith, first of the Soffarides, vi. 172.
Jacobites, the Oriental sect; their history and tenets, v. 264. Introduced into Abyssinia, 278. Submit to the Saracens
in Egypt, vi. 60. bishops to Cairoan, 109. Jalulah, battle of, vi. 15.
James, bishop of Edessa, miracles ascribed to him, ii. 276, note. James. See Baradaus.
James, St., his legendary exploits in Spain, ii. 77.
Jane. See Anne of Savoy.
Jane, queen of Naples, sells Avignon to pope Clement VI., vii. 381. Is accused of having murdered her first husband, Andrew, prince of Hungary, 405. Junizaries, their revolt in 1808, ii. 190, note. Their origin, vii. 148. Their education and discipline, 201. Name applied to the guards of the Greek emperor, 232. Jansenists, their view of the character of Athanasius, ii. 442, note.
Janus, temple of, opened for the last time by the younger Gordian, i. 242. Its ancient and its latter form, iv. 412, and note.
Jarin, or Eirin. See Ireland.
Jaroslaus, the Russian prince, sends a fleet to attack Constantinople, vi. 284. Jazyga, a Sarmatian tribe, ii. 268. Jazyges, a tribe that settled in Hungary, vi. 273, note.
Jehan Numa, a palace built by Mahomet II., at Hadrianople, vii. 297. Jermuk. See Yermuk
Jerome, or Hieronymus, his account of the origin of St. John's Gospel, ii. 396, note. Is employed by, and praises, Damasus bishop of Rome, iii. 90. Exaggerates the calamities inflicted by the Goths, 190. The friend and flatterer of Theophilus, patriarch of Alexandria, 287. His con- troversy with Vigilantius, 299, note. His persecution of Rufinus and Jovinian, and his general character, 346, note. His residence at Bethlem, and reception of Roman fugitives, 446. Gives Paula the title of "Mother in law of God," and persuades her to build monasteries, iv. 115.
Jerusalem, its temple respected by Augus- tus, ii. 5. Attempted profanation by Caligula, ib. The Jews excluded from it, 90. Destruction of the temple, 108. Julian's design to rebuild it, 530. Con- stantine's previous erection of a Christian church, 532. Julian's attempt defeated by an apparently supernatural interposi- tion, 536. The occurrence explained by Michaelis, 537, note. Church erected there by Justinian, iv. 335. The holy vessels of the temple placed there by him, 386.
is conquered by Chosroes II. king of Persia, v. 171. Insurrection of the Monks, 235, and note. The city conquered by the Saracens, vi. 44. By the Turks, 388. Great resort of pilgrims to, 389. is taken from the Turks by the Egyp-
tian Fatimites, 454. Captured by the crusaders, 458. A Christian kingdom under Godfrey of Bouillon, 459. Ap- pointment of a patriarch, 461, and note. Knights of St. John and Templars, 464, and note. Godfrey's Assise, 465, 467, and note. Succession of its Chris tian princes, 495. Taken by Saladin, 498. Recovered by the emperor Fre deric II. 514. Pillaged by the Carizmians,
Jerusalem, New, described according to the ideas of the primitive Christians, ii. 30. Jesuits, Portuguese, persecute the Eastern Christians, v. 263. Their labours in, and expulsion from, Abyssinia, 281, and notes.
Jews, their rebellion in the time of Hadrian, i. 9, note; ii. 89. Colonies of them planted by the Ptolemies at Alexandria and Cyrene, i 58, note; ii. 3, note. Persecuted by Artaxerxes, i. 260. Their character and conduct to other nations, ii. 4. Did not receive from Moses the doctrine of a future state, 26. Learned it first under their Asmonæan princes and pontiffs, 28. Their reception of Christianity, 69. Their cruelty in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrene, 89. Distinguished from Christians, 91. Treatment of them in Minorca, 304. The learned among them in Egypt study Greek philosophy, 393, and notes. The emperor Julian's letter to them, 510. Their persecution in Spain, iv. 154. Their mercantile establisliments in Italy pillaged, 275. Introduced into Abyssinia, and plant their religion there, 493, note. Their settlement in Arabia, 494. Perse- cuted by Heraclius, v. 196. By Cyril, at Alexandria, 212. By Justinian, 244. By Mahomet in Arabia, 498. Contributed to the conquest of Spain by the Saracens, vi. 94. Plundered and massacred by the first crusaders in the trading cities of Germany, 415. A tribute levied upon them to support the public games of modern Rome, vii. 462, and note. Jezdegerd, king of Persia, said to be left guardian to Theodosius the Younger, by the emperor Arcadius, iii. 510. His war with Theodosius, 519. Joan, pope, the fable of, v. 420, and notes. Joanna, daughter of Raymond, VII., count of Toulouse, by marriage conveys her father's lands to the French crown, vii. 381, nate.
Joanna, queen of Naples. See Jane. Joannina, daughter of Belisarius, iv. 517. Joannites, supporters of Chrysostom, iii. 508, note.
Job, the book of, superior to the Koran, v. 474.
John I., emperor of the East. See Zimisces. John II., Comnenus, or Calo-Johannes, his reign, v. 342. His death, 343. John III., Vataces. See Vataces.
John IV., Lascaris. See Lascaris. John V., Palæologus. See Palæologus. John VI., Cantacuzene. See Cantacuzene. John VIII., Palæologus. See Palæologus II. John, principal secretary to the emperor Honorius, usurps the empire after his death, iii. 525. Is defeated and put to death, 526.
John, the Almsgiver, archbishop of Alex- andria, v. 171. His liberality, 273. John, bishop of Antioch, arrives at Ephesus, to oppose Cyril, v. 221. Coalition between them, 222.
John, of Apri. patriarch of Constantinople, his pride, and confederacy against John Cantacuzene, vii. 97. Deposed by the visionaries of Mount Thabor, 107. John, the Armenian, an officer under Beli- sarius in Africa, iv. 372. John of Brienne. See Brienne. John of Cappadocia, prætorian prefect un- der Justinian, his character, iv. 326. Op- poses the African war, 361. His fraud in supplying the army with bread, 369. Is disgraced by Theodora, and becomes a bishop, 327.
John Chrysostom. See Chrysostom. John, count, favourite of the empress Eu- docia, iii. 509.
John Damascenus, or Mansur, last of the Greek fathers, v. 371, note.
John, the eunuch, brother of the emperor Michael 1V., v. 331.
John Gerundensis, or Biclareusis. Gerundensis.
John, son of Isaac Comnenus, and grand- son of Alexius I., apostatizes to Maho- metanism, v. 346.
John of Lycopolis, the hermit, his charac- ter, and oracular promise to the emperor Theodosius the Great, iii. 265. John Lydus. See Lydus. John Malalas. See Malalas. John, the Monophysite bishop of Asia, is employed by the emperor Justinian to root out pagans and heretics, v. 244. John, count of Nevers. See Nevers. John Philoponus. See Philoponus. John XI., pope, son of Marozia, called by Baronius "pseudo-pontifex," v. 420, and note. His ambition checked by his bro- ther Alberic, 423.
John XII. pope, his flagitious character, v. 421. Degraded, 423. John XXII. pope, his immense wealth, vii. 224. Deposed by the people of Rome, 377. One of the popes of Avignon, 380,
John XXIII. pope, his profligate character,
John, St. the evangelist, reveals the Logos, ii. 395, and note. The disputed passage in his gospel on the "three witnesses," iv. 146, and notes.
John, the prefect and patrician, sent from Constantinople to succour Carthage,
John of Procida, prepares the revolt of Sicily, vii. 72.
John of Ravenna, pupil of Petrarch, vii. 250.
John, St., Christians of, in the territory of Bassora, v. 460, and note.
John, St. Knights of. See Jerusalem. John the Sanguinary, seizes the Gothic treasures in Picenum, iv. 421. Obliges Vitiges to raise the siege of Rome, 422. John, one of the principal officers under Basiliscus; his heroism, iv. 82.
Johnson, Dr., on English words of British extraction, iv. 224, note. His bigotry, vi. 405, note. Criticism on a passage in his "Irene," vii. 317, note.
Joinville accompanies Louis IX., and has related the events, vi. 506, and notes. Jonas, of Damascus, his adventures, vi. 35. Jonas, bishop of Orleans, censures the tyranny of the nobles, iv. 195, note. Jordan, character of his work, De Origi nibus Sclavicis, vi. 258, note. Jornandes abridged the history of the Goths by Cassiodorus, i. 302; iv. 265, note. See Cassiodorus.
Jortin, Dr., his examination of the Arian controversy, ii. 410, note.
Joseph the Carizmian, governor of Berzem, kills the sultan Alp Arslan, vi. 378. Joseph, the patriarch, supposed to be the Apis and Serapis of the Egyptians, iii, 285, note.
Joseph, patriarch of Constantinople, ab- solves the emperor Michael from the excomunication of Arsenius, vii. 63. Dis- sents from the union of the two churches, and withdraws to a monastery, 66. Josephs of Amida, Nestorians, reconciled to Rome, v. 261.
Josephus, the mention of Jesus Christ in his history a forgery, ii. 105, note. His opinion that Plato derived knowledge from the Jews, controverted, 392, note. Josephus, the false, his fables, ii. 90, note. Journeys of the Roman nobles, described by Ammianus Marcellinus, iii. 410. Jovian is elected emperor by the troops of Julian, on their retreat from Assyria, iii. 44. His treaty with Sapor, 47. Pro- claims universal toleration, 60. His death, 63.
Jovians. See Herculians.
Jovinian, persecuted by Jerome, and ba-
nished for heresy, iii. 347, and notes. Jovinus, a general in Julian's army, ii. 479. Besieges Aquileia, 485. A member of the tribunal at Chalcedon, 493. Serves under Valentinian, iii. 94. Consul, 95. Jovinus, a general in the time of Honorius, assumes the diadem at Mentz, iii. 464. Invests his brother, Count Sebastian, with the purple, 465. They are defeated and slain by Adolphus, ib. 468. Jovius, a title of Diocletian, i. 425. Jovius, a general in Julian's army, ii. 479.
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