Jovius, commissioned by Theodosius to
close the pagan temples in the Western
empire, iii. 232. Prætorian prefect and
minister to Honorius, 430. Instigates
the guards against the 'eunuchs, 431.
Negotiates with Alaric, 432. Abandons
Honorius, 436. Betrays Attalus, 437.
Jubilee, popish, a revival of the secular
games, i. 245, note; vii. 382. The inter-
val shortened in accordance with the
Mosaic Jubilee, vii. 383.

Judaizing Christians, adhered to the cere-
monies of the Law, ii. 9. Justin Martyr's
opinion of them, 13, and note.
Judas the Gaulonite, his rebellion, ii. 107.
Jude, St. examination of his grandsons
before the procurator of Judæa, ii. 110.
Judges, provincial, Constantine's precau-
tions to secure their integrity, ii. 211.
Judges, rulers of the Visigoths, iii. 125.
Judgments of God, in the Salic laws, how
determined, iv. 189.

Judgments of the people in Athens and
Rome, v. 88.

Judicial combats. See Combats.

Julia, sister of Julius Cæsar, and grand-
mother of Augustus, i. 93, note.
Julia Domna, wife of the emperor Severus,
he sends her salutations to Clodius
Albinus, i. 151. Her character, 163.
Her death, 180.

Julia Masa, sister of Julia Domna, ba-
nished by Macrinus, i. 180, Her in-
trigues to obtain the empire for her
grandson Bassianus (Elagabalus) 181.
Persuades him to adopt his cousin Alex-
ander, 187. Her death, 190.

Julian assumes the purple at Carthage,
i. 435. His death, 435, note.
Julian, the nephew of Constantine the
Great, his character of Augustus in his
Casars, i. 94, note. Of Alexander
Severus, 200, note. Escapes the massacre
of the family, ii. 269, and note. Saved
by Mark, bishop of Arethusa, 294, note.
His education, 294. His rank, liberty,
and patrimony restored, 295. His danger
on the death of his brother Gallus, 301.
Is sent to Athens, where he cultivates
philosophy, 302. Is protected by the
empress Eusebia, recalled by Constantius,
and married to Helena, 304. Is invested
with the title of Cæsar, 305.

Is ap-

pointed to the government of Gaul, 323.
His first canipaign, 325. Battle of
Strasburg, 328. Reduces the Franks of
Toxandria, 331. His three expeditions
beyond the Rhine, 332. Restores the
cities of Gaul, 333. His civil adminis-
tration, 335. Alleviates the distress of
the people, 336. Fixes his winter resi-
dence at Paris, 337. His account of the
theological calamities of the empire under
Constantius, 453. Constantius grows jea-
lous of him, 463. The Gallic legions are
ordered into the East, 465. ls saluted

emperor by the troops, 469. His em-
bassy and epistle to Constantius, 472.
His fourth and fifth expeditions beyond
the Rhine, 474. Declares war against
Constantius, and abjures the Christian
religion, 477. His march from the Rhine
into Illyricum, 479. Enters Sirmium,
482. Publishes apologies for his con-
duct, 483. His triumphant entry into
Constantinople on the death of Constan-
tius, 486. His private life and civil go-
vernment, 488. His reformations in the
imperial palace, 490. Becomes a sloven
to avoid foppery, 492. Erects a tribunal
for the trial of the evil ministers of
Constantius, 493. Dismisses the spies
and informers employed by his prede-
cessor, 495. His love of freedom and
the republic, 497. His liberality to
the Grecian cities, 499. His abilities as
an orator, 500. And as a judge, 501.
His character, 502. His apostacy ac-
accounted for, 503. Adopts the pagan
mythology, 503. His education and early
studies, 504, and note. His aversion to
Christianity confirmed by the pride of its
ministers, 507, and note. His theological
system, 511. The influence of philosophy
turned against Christianity, 513, and
note. His initiation into the Eleusinian
mysteries, and his fanaticism, 515. His
dissimulation during the life of Constan-
tius, 518. His work against Christianity,
519. His toleration, and letter to the
citizens of Bostra, 520, and note. Re-
stores the banished clergy, 521. His
pagan superstitious zeal, 522. His cir-
cular letters for the reformation of the
pagan religion, 524. His friendship for
Maximus, 527. His proselytism, 528.
His address to the Jews, 530. His at-
tempt to rebuild the temple at Jerusa
lem, 534. Transfers to the pontiffs of his
own religion the allowances, which had
been granted from the public revenue to
Christian churches, 540. Prohibits Chris
tian schools, 541. Obliges the Christians
to reinstate the pagan temples, 544.
Restores the sacred grove and temple of
Daphne, 546. Punishes the Christians
of Antioch for burning that temple, 549.
His treatment of the cities of Edessa
and Alexandria, 553. Banishes Athana-
sius, 555. Accused of intending to per
secute Christians, 559, and note.

the philosophical fable of his Caesars,
iii. 1. Meditates the conquest of Persia,
4. Popular discontents during his resi
dence at Antioch, 5. Writes his Miso
pogon, 8. His friendship for Libanius, 9.
His march to the Euphrates, 11. He en
ters the Persian territories, 15. Invades
Assyria, 21. His personal conduct in this
euterprise, 24. His address to his dis
contented troops, 26. His passage of the
Tigris, 29. Burns his fleet, 34. His re

treat and distress, 37. His death, 42.
His funeral, 57.

Julian, count, offers to betray Spain into
the hands of the Arabs, vi. 87. His
advice to the victorious Tarik, 93.
Julian of Halicarnassus, his missionaries
in Armenia. v. 270.

Julian Salvius. See Salvius.

Julian Cæsarini, cardinal, the Latin advo-
cate at the council of Ferrara, vii. 234.
Papal legate in Hungary, 270. Urges
Ladislaus to break his treaty with the
Turks, 272. His history, character, and
death, in the battle of Warna, 276.
Julian port, or harbour of Misenum, iii.
419, note.

Julianus, Didius. See Didins.

Julin, an ancient port in the mouth of the
Oder, now Wollin, vi. 280, note.
Julius Constantius. See Constantius.
Julius, master-general of the East, mas-
sacres the Gothic youth in Asia, iii.

192.

of Milan, 238. An edict of toleration
promulgated through her influence,
240. Flies from the invasion of Maximus,
with her son, 243. Meets Theodosius,
244. Her death, 261.

His

Justinian, emperor of the East, his Iusti-
tutes addressed to the young law stu-
dents among his subjects, ii. 212. His
treaty with the sons of Clovis, iv. 179. Ilis
birth and promotion, 285. His ortho-
doxy, 288. Is invested with the diadem by
his uncle Justin, 289. Marries Theodora,
292. Patronizes the blue faction of the
circus, 304. State of agriculture and
manufacture in his provinces, 310. In-
troduces the culture of the silk-worm,
and manufacture of silk, into Greece,
316. State of his revenue, 319.
avarice and profusion, 320. Taxes and
monopolies, 323. His ministers, 325.
His public buildings, 328. Founds the
church of St. Sophia at Constantinople,
331. His other public works, 335. His
European fortifications, 337, 339. His
Asiatic fortifications, 342, 347. He sup-
presses the schools of Athens, 355. And
the consular dignity, 356. Purchases
peace from the Persians, 359, 469. Un-
dertakes to restore Hilderic king of Car-
thage, 360. Reduction of Africa, 380.
His instructions for its government, 381.
His acquisitions in Spain, 393. His deceit-
ful negotiations in Italy, 398, and note.
Conquests of Belisarius in Sicily and
Italy, 399, 403. His letter to Narses,
424. Recalls Belisarius from Italy, 431.
Sends him against the Persians, 437. Re-
ceives him with cold ingratitude, 438.
Weakness of the empire, 440. Receives
an embassy from the Avars, 456. Persian
war, 471. Assists the Colchians, or Lazi,
486. His negotiations with Chosroes,
490. His alliance with the Abyssinians,
492. Oppresses Africa, 497. And Italy,
504. Sends Belisarius to oppose Totila,
506. Leaves him destitute of the means
of warfare, 507. Finally recalls him,
515. Makes preparation for war, 519.
Sends Narges to command, 521. Settles

the government of Italy under the ex-
arch of Ravenna, 534. Has again re
course to Belisarius, who achieves his
last victory over the Bulgarians, 539.
Disgrace and death of Belisarius, 541:
Death and character of Justinian, 542.
Comets and calamities in his reign, 545.

the civil jurisprudence digested under
his care, v. i. He approves the notions
of Theophilus on the imperial prero-
gative, v. 20, note. Employs Tribonian,
and nine others to reform the Roman
laws, 34. His code, 35. Pandects or di-
gest, 36. His legal inconstancy, 42. His
Institutes, 44. Abuses of his jurispru
His theological character
dence, 93,
and government, 241. His persecuting

spirit, 243. His orthodoxy, 246. Died
a heretic, 249.
Justinian, Greek versions of his laws, v. 20,
note; vi. 226, note. His corpse found by
the crusaders undecayed, 569. His eques-
trian statue at Constantinople, iii. 58,
note; vii. 262, and note.

Justinian II., emperor of Constantinople,
v. 294. His exile and restoration, 296,
His cruelty and death, 298.
Justinian, a friend of Stilicho, iii. 386.
Justinian, the son of Germanus, his con-
spiracy with the empress Sophia, and
success against the Persians, v. 111. De-
feats Nushirvan at Melitene, 139.
Justiniana Prima, now Giustendil, built by
Justinian, iv. 338.

Justiniani, John, defends Constantinople,
vii. 304. His wound and death, 321, and
note.

Justus, the Paulician, vi. 241.

Jutes, a Saxon tribe, iii. 401, note; iv. 214,
and note.

Juvenal, describes the insolence of the
military, i. 157, note. His Satires much
read by the Roman nobles, iii. 414. De-
scribes the crowded state of Rome, and
its lofty houses, 422.

Juvenalis, patriarch of Jerusalem, banished,
v. 236.

Juventius, prefect of Rome, iii. 90.

K.

Kaoti, a Chinese emperor, iii. 154.
Kaptchak and Kasachia. See Kipzak.
Kashgar. See Cashgar.

Keating, Dr., his fable of the Giant Partho-
lanus settling in Ireland, i. 277, note.
Kebla. See Caaba.

Kenric, king of Wessex, iv. 218.

Keraites, a Tartar tribe, their khan Prester
John, 117, and note.

Kerboga defeated by the crusaders at
Antioch, vi. 447.

Kerdic. See Cerdic.

Kerman, a division of the Seljukians in
Asia Minor, vi. 383, and note.
Khalil, a sultan of Egypt, vi. 521.
Khan, or Chagan, the Tartar regal title,
iii. 147, 363; v. 155, and note.
Khassi. See Catti.

Kheder Khan, a Turk of Transoxiana, vi.
381, note.

Kilidsch Arslan, Seljukian sultan of Ico-
nium, vi. 417, note. Erroneously called
Soliman in the crusade, at Nice, 439, and
note. At Dorylæum, 441. And the
evacuation of Roum, 442.

Kilidsch Arslan II., not the sultan who
opposed Frederic I., vi. 482, and note.
Kindred, civil degrees of, as established by
the Roman law, v. 66.

King, the title differently regarded in the
Fast and the West, i. 455. Detested by
the Romans, ii. 256. Given by Constan-

tine to his nephew Hannibalianus, with
a sovereignty in Asia, 257.
Kiow, one of the ancient capitals of Russia,
vi. 277, note; 279, and note.
Kipzak, Kaptchak, or Kasachia, a plain in
Western Asia, conquered by the Moguls,
became the seat of their Golden Horde,
vii. 129, and note. Conquered by Timour,
166.

Knights. See Garter, Jerusalem, Rhodes.
Knighthood, how originally conferred, and
its obligations, vi. 425.

Knolles, character of his General History
of the Turks, by Johnson and by Gibbon,
vii. 139, note.

Kobad. See Cabades.

Koran, its publication and character, v. 474.
Koreish, an Arabian tribe, v. 443. Guar-
dians of the Caaba, 457. Progenitors
of Mahomet, 462. Their jealousy of his
amily and opposition to him, 487. Re-
nounced him, and resolved his death,
488. Commence war against him, 495.
Surrender Mecca and submit to him, 502

L,

Labarum, or standard of the cross, fi. 351.
and note. Divested of its Christian symbols
by Julian, 529. Again displayed by Jovian,
iii. 58.
Labeo, the civilian, his diligence in busi-
ness and composition, v. 25. His pro-
fessional character, 31.
Lactantius, uncertainty as to his authorship
of the treatise De Mortibus Persecuto-
rum, i. 422, note. Questionable pas-
sage in that work, 470, and note. His
dismal tale of the future, ii. 32, note.
Educates Constantine's son Crispus, i.
512, note; ii. 250. Invited by Constan-
tine to Gaul, 251, note. Difficulties in
ascertaining the date of his Divine I-
stitutions, ii. 338,note. His flattering pre-
diction of the influence of Christianity
among mankind, 345. Inculcates the di-
vine right of Constantine to the empire,
347. Character of his writings and of
his religion, 359, and note. His pure and
spiritual worship would have recoiled
from that of images, iii. 305. Imitation
of the civilians in the method of his In-
stitutes, v. 44, note.. His ridicule of
idolatry, 359, note.

Lactarian Mount, now Lettere, Teias de
feated there, iv. 528. Described by Cas-
siodorus, ib., note.
Ladies, Roman, their lavish gifts to the
clergy, iii. 89. Their transparent dra-
peries, iv. 312. Their profligacy, v. 55,

note.

Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Poland,
leads an army against the Turks, vii. 270.
His breach of faith with them, 272. De-
feated and slain at Warna, 275.
Ladislaus, king of Naples, harasses Rome
vii. 425.

fers the empire of the West on Anthe-
mius, 75. His armament against the
Vandals in Africa, 79. Murders Aspar
and his sons, 246. His death, 246.
Leo II., son of Ariadne, daughter of Leo I.,
his premature death, iv. 246.
Leo III. the Isaurian, v. 300. His edicts
against images in churches, 367. His
correspondence with Gregory II. 374.
Revolt of Italy, 377. His death, 301.
Leo IV., v. 303. His death, 304.
Leo V. the Armenian, v. 309. His death,
310.

His

Leo VI. the philosopher, v. 321.
fourth marriage, 322. Abolishes the
consulship by law, iv. 357, note. His
Novels, or additions to the Basilics, vi.
182, note. Extinguishes the power of
the senate, 211.

Leo. a general defeated by Tribigild, iii.
493.

Leo, bishop of Rome, his character, and
embassy from Valentinian III. to Attila,
iv. 32. Intercedes with Genseric, for
the city of Rome, 46. Calls the council
of Chalcedon, v, 231.

Leo III. pope, his miraculous recovery from
the assault of assassins, v. 402. Crowns
Charlemagne. 403. In their correspond-
ence, he leaves a large loophole of salva-
tion, vi. 524, and note.

Leo IV. pope, his reign, vi. 159. He de-
feats the Saracens, 160. Founds the Leo-
nine city, 162.

Leo IX. pope, his expedition against the
Normans of Apulia, vi. 310. His defeat,
captivity, and treaty with them, 312.
Gives his name to a wealthy Jew convert,
the grandfather of pope Anacletus, vii.

385.

Leo X. gives the name of Leo Africanus to
a converted Moor, the writer of an
African Geography, vi. 73, note. Patro-
nized the poet Vida, 259, note. En-
creased the number of cardinals, 375.
Encouraged the fine arts, 469.
Leo of Thessalonica, a philosopher and
friend of Cæsar Bardas, vi. 229.
Leo Pilatus, first Greek professor at Flo-
rence, and in the West, vii, 24.
Leonardus. See Aretinus.

Leonas, the quæstor, his embassy from
Constantius to Julian, ii. 476.

Leonine city and Leopolis founded, vi. 162.
Leontia, wife of the emperor Phocas, v. 164.
Leontius of Athens, father of the empress
Eudocia, iii. 516.

Leontius is taken from prison, and chosen
emperor, on the deposition of Justinian
II., v. 295. His death 297.
Leovigild, Gothic king of Spain, his cha-
racter, iv. 149. Revolt and death of his
son Hermenegild, 151.

Lethe, name of the old castles of the
Bosphorus, under the Greek empire, ii.
179, note.

Leti, Gregorio, his life of Sixtus V., vii.
489, note.

Letters brought from Phoenicia to Europe,
i. 31. Unknown to the Germans in the
days of Tacitus, 278. The use of them
the test of civilization in a people, 279.
Those of the Greeks used as numerals
by the Saracens till the time of caliph
Walid, vi 118.

Leuden, the people, iv. 194, note; vii. 108.
Leuderis, the Gothic commander of Rome,
surrenders to Belisarius, iv. 407.
Levies of the Roman troops, difficult to be
accomplished, ii. 220.

Lewis the Pious, emperor of the West,
v. 413.

Lewis II. emperor of the West, v. 414.
His controversy with the Byzantine
court respecting his title, 417. His alli-
ance with, and letter to, the Greek empe-
ror Basil I. vi. 296.

Lewis of Bavaria, emperor of the West,
takes the title of Senator of Rome, vii.
367. Deposed pope John XXII., 377..
Lewis of Hungary refers the accusation
against Jane of Naples to Rienzi, vii.
405.

Lewis. See Louis.

Leyden (Lugdunum Batavorum) on the
Gallic frontier, 1. 25.

Libanius, the private life of the emperor

Julian described by him, ii. 488, note.
Julian forbidden to attend his lectures,
505, note. Expatiates on Julian's visions,
516, note. Approves his outward con-
formity to Christian rites, 518. Refuses
Julian's invitation to Constantinople, iii.
9. Their intercourse at Antioch, ib.
His writings and character, 10. His
comments on the treaty of Dara, 49,
Regrets that Julian was not buried in
the groves of the Academy, 57. His
funeral oration on Valens and his army,
187. Pleads for the citizens of Antioch,
282. His oration "pro Templis," a speci
men of rhetorical art, 283, note. Was
distinguished by the friendship of Theodo-
sius, 295. The tutor of Chrysostom, 501.
Educated by Diophantus, vi. 148, note.
Libellatici, in the early church, ii. 131.
Libels and Satires punished by the Twelve
Tables, v. 79.

Liber Pontificalis, v. 377, note; 378, note.
Libri Pontificales, 5, note.
Liberius, bishop of Rome, is banished by
the emperor Constantius, for refusing to
concur in deposing Athanasius, ii. 437.
447. His restoration, 448.
Liberius, prætorian prefect of Theodoric,
iv. 265. Serves Justinian, and commands
a division of his army in Italy, 519, and