Libius, Severus, made emperor by Ricimer, iv. 69. Liburni, Liburnæ, Liburnarii, i. 22, and note, 23; ii. 480, and note; iii. 361, note. The galleys superseded by Dromones, vi. 204, note.
Licinius rescued from the seditious soldiers by Tiridates, i 438. His age, ib, note. Is invested with the purple by Galerius, i. 484. Divides the provinces of Galerius with Maximin, 488. His alliance with Constantine, 503. Defeats Maximin, 504. His cruelty, 505. Is defeated by Con- stantine at Cibalis, 509. And at Mardia, 510. Peace concluded, 511. Second civil war with Constantine, 516. His hu- miliation, and death, 521.
concurred in the edict of Milan, ii. 342. Violated this engagement, 347. His alleged vision, 354.
Licinius, the Younger, declared Cæsar, i. 511. Put to death, ii. 253. Liegemen, or Ligii, distinguished from vassalli, vii. 108, note.
Lieutenant, imperial, his office and rank, i.
Lightning, superstition of the Romans
with reference to persons and places struck with, i. 412. Proposal to direct it against the camp of the Goths, iii. 425. Lignitz, victory of the Moguls at, vii. 130.
Lilius, ambassador from Phocas to Persia, v. 169.
Lilybaum, in Sicily, claimed by Justinian, iv. 394, and note; 398. Limigantes, Sarmatian slaves, expel their masters, and usurp possession of their country, ii. 265. Their extinction by Constantius, 313. Linen, said to have been unknown to Au- gustus, iii. 405, and note. Literature, diffused by Roman conquest, i. 75. First symptoms of its decline, 76, and note. Flourishes in the age of military virtue, 316. Its decline in the time of Diocletian, 467. In the reign of Theo- dosius, iii. 307, note. Revival of, in Italy, vii. 244. Ancient, use and abuse of, 258. See Greek and Latin.
Lithuania, its late conversion to Chris- tianity, vi. 292.
Litorius, count, is defeated and taken pri- soner in Gaul by Theodoric, iv. 7. Littoris Saxonici Comes, supposed to have been stationed on the isle of Mersey, ii. 227, note.
Liturgy, Roman, arranged by pope Gregory, v. 132.
Liutprand. See Luitprand. Locusts. See Harpies. Logos, Plato's doctrine of the, ii. 392. Is expounded by St. John the evangelist, 395. Athanasius confesses himself unable to comprehend it, 400. Controversies on the eternity of, 404. Believed by Julian
to be typified or represented by the sun 513, and note.
Logothete, great, his office under the Greek emperors, vi.
Lollianus. See Lælianus. Lombards, their conversion from Arianism, iv. 153. Their name, and history, 443. Are employed by the emperor Justinian to check the Gepida, 444. Their king Alboin, v. 97. They reduce the Gepida, 100. Overrun that part of Italy now called Lombardy, 104. Extent of their kingdom, 118. Language and manners, 119. Government and laws, 125. At- tack Rome, 382.
Lombardy, the country afterwards so called, was peopled by Gauls (Celts), and not considered a part of Italy, i. 26. Ra- vaged by Attila, iv. 27. Conquered by the Lombards, and receives its name from them, v. 104. Enjoys under them a mild and equitable government, 127. Is conquered by Charlemagne, v. 386. Lombardy, the Greek Theme or province so called in the South of Italy, vi, 297. Conquered by the Normans, 318. London, the seat of a treasury under the Romans, ii. 227, note. Described by Chalcocondylas, vii. 218, and note. Longinus, the philosopher, his represen tation of the degeneracy of his age, i. 77. Educated Zenobia, 372. Is put to death by Aurelian, 378.
Longinus, supersedes Narses, as exarch of Ravenna, v. 102. Receives Rosamond, the fugitive queen of the Lombards, 107. Longinus, brother of the emperor Zeno, rebels against Anastasius in Isauria, iv. 341.
Loria, Roger de, his naval exploits, vii. 76, Lothaire I. emperor of the West, v. 414. Lothaire, a leader of the Allemanni, invades Italy, iv. 531. His death, 532.
Louis VII. of France is rescued from the Greeks by George, admiral of Sicily, vi. 346. Undertakes the second crusade, 474. His disastrous expedition, 480. Louis IX. of France, his crusades to the Holy Land, vi. 515. His death, 518. Purchased the crown of thorns and other relics, from Baldwin II., vii. 30. Is de- clared the first father of the royal line in France, 45.
Louis XVI. applies personally to himself a passage in Gibbon's history, iv. 238, note Louis. See Lewis.
Lublin destroyed by the Moguls, vii. 129. Lucan, his panegyric on Cæsar, i. 149, note. Lucca, besieged and taken by Narses, iv. 530.
Lucian, his satires on the heathen mytho-
logy, i. 38. The only original genius of his age, 76.
Lucian, count of the East, his cruel treat- ment by Rufinus, iii. 313.
Lucian, presbyter of Jerusalem, discovers | Lydus, John, employed by John of Cappa-
the body of St. Stephen, iii. 301. Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, ii. 437. Lucilla, sister of the emperor Commodus, attempts his assassination, i. 115. Lucilla, a matron of Carthage, purchased the bishopric for her servant, ii. 141, note. Lucillian, defends Nisibis, ii. 276. Taken prisoner by Julian, 481. Appointed by his son-in-law Jovian to command in Gaul, is massacred at Rheims, iii. 62. Lucius II. and III. popes, their disasters, vii. 350.
Lucius, successor of Athanasius at Alex- andria, iii. 86.
Lucrine lake, its destruction, iii. 409, note. Lucullan villa in Campania, iv. 100. Ludwig, Johann Peter Von, his Life of Justinian and other works, iv. 543, note. Lugdunum. See Lyons and Leyden. Luitprand, or Liutprand, king of Lombardy, submits to Gregory II. at the gates of Rome, v. 382. Takes Ravenna, 383. Luitprand, or Liutprand, bishop of Cre- mona, his character of the Romans, v, 381. His embassy to Constantinople, vi. 185. Describes the ceremonies of the court, 204, 261, note.
Luke, St., his relics conveyed to Constan- tinople, iii. 298. Called a painter, was probably a physician, v. 365. Lupercalia, the festival, continued under the Christian emperors, abolished by pope Gelasius, iv. 78.
Lupicinus, sent by Julian into Britain, ii. 467. Imprisoned, 473. Brings the legions of Syria to assist Valens, iii. 73. Governor of Thrace oppresses the Goths, 171. Provokes them to hostilities, 173. Is de- feated by them, 173.
Lupus, patron saint of Troyes, iv. 15. Lusatia, some of its villages still inhabited
by Vandals, or more properly Wenden, iv. 388, and note.
Lusitania, a Spanish province, i. 24. Con- quered by the usurper Constantine, iii. 380. Occupied by the Alani, 448. Lustral contribution. See Income. Lustrum conditum, iii. 398, note. Lutetia Parisiorum, now Paris, the winter residence of Julian, ii. 337, and note. Luther, his character as a reformer, vi. 251. Differed from Calvin on the Eucharist, vi. 251.
Luxury, corrects the unequal distribution of property, i. 71.
Lychnidus, or Achrida (now Ochrida) chief town of the Bulgarians, vi. 257, and note. Treasure found there by Basil II., 262. Its lake the eastern boundary of Scan- derbeg's principality, vii. 282, note. Lycia, a Roman province, i. 29. The native country of Tatian, degraded by Rufinus, from its provincial rank, iii. 311. Lycus, the river that flows into the harbour of Constantinople, ii. 179.
docia, complains of Justinian, iv. 321. note. Lost his office by the disuse of Latin, vi. 225, note.
Lygians, a German nation, i. 400. Lyons, the ancient Lugdunum, gave its name to a province of Gaul, i. 25, 65, The Celtic language used there in the third century, 47, note. Clodius Albinus defeated there by Severus, 151. Adheres to Tetricus and is taken by Aurelian, 371. Irenæus, its bishop, ii. 36. Its Martyrs, 75, note; 97, note; 119, note. Gratian assassinated there, iii. 216. Taken by Clovis, iv. 171. Threatened by Abderame, vi. 129. See Councils.
Macarius, patriarch of Antioch, condemned as a heretic, v. 252. His zeal, 267. Macedonia, a female attendant on the wife of Belisarius, iv. 434. Macedonia, former kingdom of, a Roman province, i. 28. Added to the Eastern empire, iii. 194. Descent of its kings, ii. 500, and note. Forms a kingdom for Boniface, marquis of Montferrat, vii. 5, note, 7.
Macedonians, a sect in the East, iii. 228. Macedonius II., bishop of Constantinople,
banished by Anastasius, v. 238. Macedonius, Arian bishop of Constantinople, his contests with Paul, ii. 449. Removes the body of the emperor Constantine to the church of St. Acacius, 450. Perse- cutes the Catholics and Novatians, 452. Macellum, the castle in which Julian was educated, ii. 294, 505, note.
Macepracta, its wall the boundary of As- syria, iii, 19.
Macrianus, prætorian prefect under Va- lerian, his character, i. 337. Macrianus, a prince of the Allemanni, his alliance withi Valentinian, iii. 100. Macrinus, his succession to the empire pre- dicted, i. 175. Accelerates the comple- tion of the prophecy, 175. Purchases peace with Parthia, 262. His attempt to regulate the army, 178. His death, 182. Madayn. See Ctesiphon.
Madras, the shrine of St. Thomas supposed to have been in its neighbourhood, v. 262. Macenas, his advice to Augustus, i. 43.; ii. 137, note.
Mæonius of Palmyra assassinates his uncle Odenathus, i. 373.
Magi, in Persia, corruption of their religion, i. 250. Its reformation by a general council, 252. Their doctrine of the two principles, 253. Moral duties inculcated, 256. Power and wealth of the Magi, 258. Their intolerance, 260, 439. They pre- dict the birth of Sapor, ii. 270. Were a numerous family, 372, note. Their doc trines blended with Christianity by the
Manichæans, 387. After the conquest of Persia, retired into Arabia, v. 460 Their fall, vi. 106. Ghebers or fire-worshippers a remnant of them, 108. Magic, resorted to by Didius Julianus, i. 146. A favourite study of Severus, 163. Its origin and influence, 259, and notes. Prevailing belief in it, ii. 82, note. Con- demned by Valentinian and Valens, iii. 75. Made subservient to the purposes of the pagan Neo-Platonists, 78, note. Dif- ference between ancient and later magic, v. 126, note.
Magistrates, civil in Rome, had learned
toleration from philosophy, i. 39. Their titles carefully assumed by Augustus and his successors, under whom the or- dinary magistrates languish in obscurity, 88. Those titles laid aside in the time of Diocletian, 454. Education, rank and jurisdiction of the civil magistrates under Constantine, ii. 212. Their jurisdiction abolished in the time of the republic, by appeals to the people, v. 88. Restored,
Magnaura, a palace at Constantinople, in which Cæsar Bardas established a college, vi. 229.
Magnentius assumes the empire in Gaul, ii. 279. Puts Constans to death, 280. Sends an embassy to Constantius, 281. His proposals rejected, 282. Is defeated at the battle of Mursa, 286. Takes flight, 288. Kills himself, 291. Magnesia ad Mæandrum, now Guzelhissar, i. 66, note, vii. 53, note. Magnesia ad Sipylum, now Manissa, the obsequies of Theodore Lascaris II., solem- nized in its cathedral, vii. 53, and note. Besieged by the Catalans, 77. Gave its name to the magnet. 142, note. Amurath II. retires there, 267.
Magnus, put to death by Maximin, i. 220. Magyars. See Hungarians.
Mahadi, or the Guide, the last of the Imams, v. 530.
Mahmud, the Gaznevide, his twelve expe- ditions into Hindostan, vi. 358. His cha- racter, 362.
Mahomet, introduced the fable of the Seven Sleepers in the Koran, iii. 546, and note. His letters to Heraclius and Chosroes, v.. 175, and note. His genealogy, birth, and education, 462. His person and character, 465. Assumed his prophetic character, 468. Inculcated the unity of God, 468. His reverential mention of Jesus Christ, 472. His Koran, 473. His miracles, 475. His precepts, 477. His hell and para- dise, 481. The best authorities for his history, 484, note. Converts his own family, 485. Preaches publicly at Mecca, 485. Escapes from the Koreishites there, 488. Is received as prince of Medina, 489. His regal dignity, and sacerdotal office, 491. Declares war against infidels,
492. Battle of Beder, 496. Battle of Ohud, 497. Subdues the Jews of Arabia, 498. Submission of Mecca to him, 501. He conquers Arabía, 502. His sickness and death, 509. His character, 510. His private life, 513. His wives, 514. His children, 516. His posterity, 526. The spread and permanency of his religion, 533, vi. 6, note.
Mahomet I., the son of Bajazet, vii. 193. Mahomet II., sultan, the castles on the Bos- phorus strengthened by him, ii 179. His alleged mutilation of the serpentine pillar in the Hippodrome, 190, note; vii. 328, and note. His wars with Scanderbeg, 281, 282. His character, 288. His reign, 291. Indica- tions of his hostile intentions against the Greeks, 293. He besieges Constanti- nople, 301. Takes the city by storm, 323. His entry into the city, 328. Makes it his capital, 331. Conquers the Morea, 334. Trebizond, 336. His death, 340. Mahometanism, its tolerant spirit, vi. 104. Propagation, 105.
Mahometans gave the name of idolaters to Christian image-worshippers, v. 365, and note,
Mainfroy, or Manfred, king of the Two
Sicilies, defeated and slain by Charles of Anjou, vii. 70.
Mainotes, a tribe in the Morea, vi. 190, and
Majesty, the crime of, applied by the em- perors to themselves as tribunes, i. 108, note.
Majorca submits to Belisarius, iv. 380. See Balearic Isles.
Majorian, his history, character, and eleva- tion to the western empire, iv. 58. His epistle to the senate, 59. His salutary laws, 60. His preparations to invade Africa, 64. His fleet destroyed by Gen- seric, 67. His death, 68.
Majo, great admiral of Sicily, vi. 352. Majorinus, the bishopric of Carthage pur-
chased for him by Lucilla, ii. 141, note. His contest with Cæcilian, 389. Malabar, early Christians on its coast, v. 259, 262. Persecuted by the Portuguese as heretics, 263.
Malak Rodosaces, chief of the tribe of Gassan, iii. 19.
Malalas, John, his chronicle, ii. 546, note. Its date, iv. 289, note. Malarich refuses the command in Gaul offered him by Jovian, iii. 62. Malasontha. Se Mathasuintha. Malaterra, his character of the Normans, vi. 308.
Malazkerd, Mezicertum, now Malaskert, an
Armenian fortress, vi. 373, and note. Maldives, Indian islands, ii. 366, note. Malek Shah, sultan of the Turks, his pros- perous reign, vi. 380. Reforms the east- ern calendar, 382. His death, 384. Mallius Theodorus, his civil honours, ii. 213,
note. The subject of Claudian's epigram, iii. 391.
Malta, conquered by Roger king of Sicily, vi. 344.
Mamaa, mother of Alexander Severus, acts as regent, i. 191. Is put to death with him, 219. Her conference with Origen, ii. 137.
Mamalukes, their origin and character, vi. 490, and note; 518. Their establishment in Egypt, 519. Their capture of Acre and destruction of the Christian power in the East, 522. Repulse the Moguls from Syria, vii. 128.
Mamas, St., monument erected to him by . Gallus and Julian, ii. 506, and note. Mamertinus, assists Julian's reforms, ii. 493. Colleague of Nevitta in the consulship, 497.
Mamgo, an ally of Tiridates, i. 440. Man, can accommodate himself to all cli- mates, i. 275, note.
Mancipium, in the Roman law, explained, v. 64, note; 93, add. note. Mandarins, philosophers in public, super- stitious in private, v. 260.
Mandracium, a suburb of Carthage, iv. 375, 376.
Manes, both a Magian and Christian here-
tic, i. 260, note. The time of his preach- ing, ii. 387, note.
Maniaces, governor of the Theme of Lom- bardy, vi. 306.
Maniach, a Turkish ambassador at Con- stantinople, iv. 458.
Manichæans, edict of Diocletian against them, ii. 387. Of Theodosius, iii. 233. A branch of them originates the sect of Paulicians, vi. 235. Symbols of their faith supposed to have been carried before some of the first crusaders, 415, note. Manuel I. Comnenus, emperor of Constanti- nople, v. 343. He repulses the Normans, vi. 347. But fails in his scheme of sub- duing the western empire, 350. His ill- treatment of the crusaders, 478.
Manuel 11., Palæologus, is detained by Ba- jazet at Boursa, escapes and succeeds his father on the throne, vii. 156. Ob- tains assistance from the king of France, 157. Accompanies Boucicault on his return, 158. Resumes the empire and treats with Bajazet's sons, 197. death, 199. Account of his visit to Venice, 213. To Paris, 214. To London, 215. His ambassadors at the council of Constance, 219. His negotiations with Martin, 220. His policy, 221. Fortified the Isthmus of Corinth, 222. Manuel. See Jabalah.
Manufactures, founded on agriculture, i. 71. those of the Roman empire, 72. Of linen, in Colchis, at Borsippa, and in Egypt, iii. 485, note. Of glass, at Sidon, ib. Of Sidon, iv. 310, and note. Of silk, in the island of Cos, 311, and note. In China,
312. Introduced into Greece, 318. Of Corinth, transplanted into Sicily and Italy, vi. 193, 346. Foundation laid of England's manufactures, 194, note. Bro- cades of Yezd, vii. 167, note. Manumission restricted by the Roman laws, i. 54; 391, note; v. 56, note. Julian fined himself for performing it impro- perly, ii. 408. Manuscripts, saved by the Goths at Athens, i. 336. Copied by monks, iv. 122. Col- lected by the Medici, vii. 256. Number destroyed at Constantinople, 328. That of Ulphilas, see Codex. Maogamalcha, a city of Assyria, reduced and destroyed by Julian, iii. 23. Marble, the four sorts most esteemed by the Romans, i. 223, note. That of Pro- conessus used in building Constanti- nople, ii. 187. The various kinds em- ployed in the edifice of St. Sophia, iv. 333, note.
Marcella, the beldame of Jerome's faction at Rome, iii. 346, note. Ill-treated by the Goths when they took the city, 442. note. Marcellinus, count of the sacred largesses assists the usurpation of Magnentius, ii. 279. His embassy to Constantius, 281. Killed in the battle of Mursa, 291. Marcellinus, his revolt in Dalmatia, and character, iv. 69. Joins the emperor Anthemius, and expels the Vandals from Sardinia, 80. His death, 83. Marcellinus, son of the prefect Maximin, murders Gabinius king of the Quadi, iii. 130.
Marcellinus. See Ammianus.
Marcellinus, his chronicle, iii. 270; iv. 289. note.
Marcellus, the tradition of the burning of his fleet at Syracuse, iv. 328, and note. Marcellus, the theatre of, built by Augus. tus, i. 59, note. Repaired by Theodoric, iv. 267, note. Described by Poggio, vii. 444. Marcellus, Varius, father of Elagabalus, i. 180, note.
Marcellus, the centurion, martyred for desertion, ii. 148.
Marcellus, bishop of Rome, exiled, ii. 161. Marcellus, bishop of Apamea, loses his life in destroying pagan temples, iii. 284. Marcellus abandons Julian when besieged at Sens and is dismissed, ii. 326. Rebellion and punishment of his son, 496. Marcellus of Ancyra, friend of Athanasius, ii. 410.
Marcellus conspires against Justinian, v.
March, the Spanish, of Charlemagne, v. 409, and note.
Marcia, the most favoured concubine of Commodus, i. 121. Conspires against and poisons him, 126. A patroness of the Christians, ii. 135.
Marcian, one of the conspirators against Gallienus, i. 352.
Marcian, senator of Constantinople, marries the empress Pulcheria, and is acknow- ledged emperor, iii. 581. His refusal of the demands of Attila, iv. 1. Recognizes Avitus as emperor of the West, 51. His pacific policy and its cause, 73, and note. His death, ib.
Marciana, sister of Trajan, i. 312. Marcianopolis, founded by him in honour
of her, i. 312. Purchased the retreat of the Goths, ib. The Visigoths commence war there, iii. 172, 173. Victory of Attila and plunder of the city, 558, 559. Marcianus, Gessius, father of Alexander Severus, i. 180, note.
Marcionites, a Gnostic sect, ii. 17, and note. Propagated the phantastic system of the Docetes, v. 202, and note. Vestiges of them in the fifth century, vi. 236, and
Marcomanni, their war with Marcus Anto- ninus, i. 297. Its cause, 309, note; ii. 134, note. Gallienus marries a daughter of their king, and grants them a settle- ment in Pannonia, i. 327.
Marcomir, king of the Franks, tried and banished, iii. 372.
Marcus. See Antoninus.
Marcus, a Greek, elected bishop of the Nazarenes, ii. 12, 13, note.
Marcus, an emperor elected by the army in Britain and murdered, iii. 377. Marduites. See Maronites.
Mardarige, the last Magian of any power, vi. 107, note.
Mardia, battle of, between Constantine the Great and Licinius, i. 510.
Mardonius, a preceptor of Julian, ii. 584.
Maria, daughter of Raymond of Poitou, prince of Antioch, marries the emperor Manuel Comnenus, v. 345, 350. Mur- dered by Andronicus, 353. Maria, daughter of Eudæmon of Carthage, her adventures, iii. 544. Mariaba, Meriaba, Mareb, or Merab, a city of Arabia Felix, i. 2, note; v. 441. Mis takes respecting it corrected, ib.,
Mariana, his account of the conquests of Spain, by the barbarous nations, iii. 467. Admits that the people were hap- pier under them than under the Ro- mans, 468, note. Character of his history,
vi. 87, note. His derivation of the name of Castile, 103, note.
Marina, daughter of the emperor Arcadius, with her sisters Pulcheria and Arcadia, embraces a life of celibacy, iii. 512. Marinus, a subaltern, chosen emperor by the legions of Moesia, and murdered by them, i. 300.
Marius the armourer, a candidate for the purple against Gallienus; his character, and death, i. 344. Was supported by Victoria, 370.
Marius Maximus, read by the Roman Nobles, iii. 414, and note.
Mark of Ephesus attends the emperor Joha Palæologus II., to Italy, vii. 229. Is a leader of the Greeks in the council of Ferrara and Florence, 234. Disdains communion with the Latins, 237. His firmness respected, 239. His death, 264. Mark, bishop of Arethusa, is cruelly treated by the emperor Julian, ii. 545. Markland, Jeremiah, his criticism on Virgil, vii. 253, note.
Marmora. See Propontis.
Marohodaus, king of the Marcomanni, i. 297, note. Said to have been the progenitor of the Frank Merovingians, iv. 9, note. Maron, a Syrian hermit, founder of the Maronites, v. 267.
Maronga, engagement there between the emperor Julian and Sapor, iii. 38. Maronites, a Monothelite sect, v. 267.
Maintain themselves on Mount Lebanon under the name of Mardaites, 268; vi. 117. Marozia, a Roman prostitute, the mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, of three popes, v. 420. Marries Hugh, king of Burgundy, 422. Is imprisoned by her son Alberic, 423.
Marriage, regulations of, by the Roman laws, v. 51. A fourth prohibited by a law of Leo the Philosopher, v. 322. Of Roman citizens with strangers, pro- scribed, vi. 207.
Martel, Charles, his character, vi. 130. Defeats the Saracens, 131. Consigned to hell flames by the clergy, 133. Martial, his description of the Villa Faus- tini at Baiæ, iii. 405, note.
Martialis, the assassin of Caracalla, i. 175.
Martin, bishop of Tours, attentions exacted by him from the emperor Maximus, ii. 368, note. His reputed miracles, iii. 236, and note. Destroys the idols and pagan temples in Gaul, 283. His monastic in- stitutions there, iv. 113. Conversion of the Suevi at his shrine, 152. Martin I., pope, banished by Constans II., v. 251.
Martin IV., pope, excluded the emperor Michael from the Western churcli, vii. 69. Joins a league against him, 71. Senator of Rome, 366.
Martin V., pope, his election terminates
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