the schism of the West, vii. 429. Com- | mences the restoration of Rome, 468. Martin, an abbot, succeeds Fulk of Neuilly as crusade-missionary, vi. 543, note. Leaves the crusaders at Zara, 546, note. Martina marries her uncle the emperor Heraclius, v. 178, 289. Endeavours to share the imperial dignity with her sons, 290. Her fate, 291.
Martinianus receives the title of Cæsar from the emperor Licinius, i. 520. Martyrs, primitive, their true history, ii. 86. Inducements to martyrdom, 126. Three methods of escaping it, 130. Marks by which learned Catholics distinguish the relics of the martyrs, 119, note. Era of, 143, note. Legendary martyrdoms, 167. The worship of, introduced, iii. 297. Mary, Virgin, fables respecting the place of her burial, her tomb, and assumption, v. 219, and note; 361. Her portrait, 364. Her immaculate conception borrowed from the Koran, 472.
Mary, queen of Bulgaria, niece of Michael Palæologus, joins his enemies, vii. 68. Mascezel, brother of Gildo, takes refuge in the court of Honorius, iii. 327. Is en- trusted with troops to reduce Gildo, 328. Defeats him, 330. His death, 331. Massagete, invade Persia, ii. 277. Their early history, iv. 305, note.
Massoud, son of Mahmud the Gaznevide, vi. 365.
Master of the offices, under Constantine the Great, his functions, ii. 223. Masters-general, of the cavalry and in- fantry, their duties, ii. 215. Power of the office in the hands of Alaric, iii. 344. Maternus, his revolt and conspiracy against the emperor Commodus, i. 118. Mathasnintha, granddaughter of Theodoric,
marries Germanus, iv. 431, note; 520, note. Matron, meaning of the word among the Romans, v. 52, note. Matthew, St., his gospel originally com- posed in Hebrew, i. 69, note, v. 200, note. The want of this original record often felt, ii. 86, note; v. 58, note. Matthias Corvinus. See Huniades. Maurice, his birth, character, and promo- tion to the empire, v. 112. Restores Chosroes II., 149. Said to have given his daughter in marriage to the Persian monarch, 152, note. His wars against the Avars, 157. State of his armies, 159. His abdication and death, 163. Mauringania, mentioned as an ancient seat of the Franks, i. 321, note. Mauritania, ancient, its situation and ex- tent, i. 33. Invaded by a body of Franks, 324. Vanquished by Maximian, 435. Its villages peopled by Donatists, ii. 454. Its condition at the arrival of the Vandals, iii. 532, and note. Reconquered by Be- lisarius and Solomon, iv. 38. Subdued by the Saracens, vi. 37.
Maxentius, the son of Maximian, declared emperor at Rome, i. 479. His tyranny in Italy and Africa, 490. Opposes Con- stantine, 493. His defeat and death, 500. His politic humanity to the Christians, ii. 160.
Maximian, trained in the school of Aure- lian and Probus, i. 399. Colleague of Diocletian, his character, 423. Overcomes the Bagaudæ of Gaul, 427, and the insur- gents of Mauritania, 435. Triumphs with Diocletian, 450. Holds his court at Milan, 451. Abdicates the empire with Diocletian, 462. He resumes the purple, 479. Reduces Severus, and puts him to death, 481. His second resignation, and unfortunate end, 484. His aversion to the Christians, ii. 147, 159. Maximilianus, the African, a Christian martyr, ii. 147.
Maximin, the Thracian, his birth, fortune, and elevation to the empire of Rome, i. 217. His cruelty, 220. His advance towards Italy, 231. His death, 235. Why deemed a persecutor of the Chris- tians, ii. 137.
Maximin, surnamed Daza, nephew of Gale- rius, promoted to the rank of Cæsar, i. 471. Exacts that of Augustus, 484. Divides the Eastern provinces with Li- cinius, 488. Commences war against him, 503. His defeat, flight and death, 504. His cruelty to the wife and daugh- ter of Diocletian, 506. Supports heathen- ism by a system copied from the policy of the church, ii. 165. Issues an edict of persecution, 166. Which he sus- pends, 167.
Maximin, the cruel minister of the emperor Valentinian, promoted to the prefecture of Gaul, iii. 80. Obtains the government of Valeria for his son, 130. Maximin, his embassy from Theodosius the Younger to Attila, iii. 569. Maximianists, a section of Donatists, ii. 391.
Maximus Papienus, and Balbinus elected joint emperors by the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, i. 229. Their discord, 239. Are put to death, 240. Maximus, a rival of Gregory Nazianzen, iii. 225.
Maximus, his character and revolt in
Britain, iii. 214. Invades Gaul, and is said to have colonized Armorica with Britons, 215, and note. His treaty with the emperor Theodosius, 218. Persecutes the Priscillianists, 233. His invasion of Italy, 242. His defeat and death, 246. Maximus, the Neo-Platonist, gains an as- cendancy over Julian, ii. 506, note. Ini- tiates him into the mysteries of Eleusis, 515. Is invited by him to Constanti nople, 527. Attended him on his Persian expedition, iii. 42. Dismissed by Valen-
tinian on payment of a small fine, 48, note.
Maximus, proclaimed emperor by Gerontius,
iii. 461. His death, 462.
Maximus, Petronius, his wife ravished by Valentinian III., iv. 39. His character and elevation to the empire, 44. Marries the widow of Valentinian, 45. His death, 46.
Maximus, an abbot, friend of pope Martin I., inhumanly mutilated by the emperor Constans II., v. 251.
Maximus, Julius Verus, son of the tyrant Maximin, slain with his father, i. 235. Maximus, colleague of Lupicinus in the government of Thrace, iii. 170. Mazdak, a Persian fanatic, iv. 461. Mebodes, the Persian general, ungratefully treated by Chosroes, iv. 463. Mebodes, a Persian general under Chosroes II., v. 150.
Mecca, its situation and description, v. 442. The Caaba, or temple of, 456. Its deli- verance from Abrahah, 463. Mahomet opposed there, 487. His flight, 488. The city surrendered to Mahomet, 501. All unbelievers excluded, 502. Is pillaged by Abu Taher, vi. 169. Attacked by Re- ginald de Chatillon, 497.
Mechanics, captive, prized by the Huns, iii. 563. Nestorian, assist in making engines of war for the Mongols, vii. 125, note.
Medals, commemorative of private events, mistaken for ancient coins, iii. 540, note. Media, its tribes implore the protection of Trajan, i. 7. The summer residence of the Persian monarchs, 264. Invaded by the Huns, iii. 556, and note. The scene of Bahram's revolt, v. 145, 150. Of the exploits of Heraclius, 184.
Mediana, a castle near Naissus, iii. 69. Medicine, captives skilled in, favoured by the Huns, iii. 563. Cultivated by the Arabians, vi. 149. Studied in the school of Salerno, 319.
Medicis, Cosmo de', receives Pletho in his house, vii. 254. The father of a line of princes, 256. Lorenzo de', patron of literature, ib. John, see Leo X. Medina described, v. 442. Receives Ma- homet on his flight from Mecca, 489. His burial there, 509. Mediterranean Sea, encompassed by the Roman empire, i. 33. Its commerce divided between Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, vi. 539.
Megalesia, the Roman festival, i. 118, note. Melchites, or royalists, an eastern sect, v. 254.
Meletians, an Egyptian sect, founded by Meletius bishop of Lycopolis, ii. 427, note. Meletius, bishop of Antioch, his contest, and death, iii. 229.
Melisenda, daughter of Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, marries Fulk of Anjou, vi. 495. VOL. VII.
Melitene, battle of, between the Eastern emperor Tiberius and Chosroes, king of Persia, v. 139. Paulicians at, vi. 245. Mellobaudes (or Merobaudes), king of the Franks and count of the Domestics, pro- tects Romanus, iii. 117. Nominates Valentinian II., 135. Serves under Gra- tian, 181. Put to death by Maximus, 217. Said to have betrayed Gratian, ib.,
Melo, revolts, and invites the Normans into Italy, vi. 302. His death, 304. Melphi, the common city and citadel of the Normans in Apulia, vi. 307.
Memnon, historian of Heraclea, v. 9, note. Memnon, bishop of Ephesus, v. 218. Memnon, human actors introduced into his hollow statue, iii. 288.
Memphis, its situation and reduction by the Saracens, vi. 57, and notes.
Mengo Timour, third khan of Kipzak, vii, 136.
Mensurius, bishop of Carthage, ii. 162. Mentz, or Moguntiacum, surprised by the Allemanni, iii. 95. Plundered by the Barbarians, 374. Jovinus revolts there, 464. Stormed by the Huns, iv. 15, note. Massacre and pillage of the Jews by crusaders, vi. 415.
Merab, or Meriaba. See Mariaba. Merida (Emerita built by Augustus for his veteran legions), taken by the Saracens, vi, 97.
Mermeroes, the Persian General, v. 488. Merobaudes. See Mellobaudes. Merobaudes, celebrated Etius in his verse; discovery of his works, iv. 39, note. Meroveus, king of the Franks, iv. 9, note. Implores the protection of Rome, 12. Serves under Etius at Chalons, 18. Watches the retreat of Attila, 25. Merovingian kings of the Franks in Gaul, iv. 9. Origin of their gold coinage, 180, and note. Their kingdom extended beyond the limits of modern France, 181. Their laws, 184. Their domain and benefices, 193. Did not oppress Gaul, 203. Their liberal policy, 204 Decay of their line, v. 408. The last of their race, lazy or fainéans, vi. 127.
Merseburg in Saxony, defeat of the Hunga- rians by Henry the Fowler, vi. 271. Merseburg, or Messburg, in Hungary, de-
struction of crusaders, vi. 415, note. Mervan I, while secretary to Othman, be- trays him, v. 521, note.
Meroan II., the last of the house of Om- miyah, his defeat and death, vi. 186, and note.
Mesopotamia, conquered by Trajan, i. 8. Invaded by the Persians, 242. Osrhoene, its northern part, formed permanently into a Roman province, 265. Artaxerxes unable to conquer it, 268. The southern part ravaged by Carus, 411. Campaign of Galerius, 442. The claims of Persia
relinquished, 448. Invaded by Sapor, ii. 272. Resistance of its fortified towns, 275; march of Julian over its sandy plains, iii. 18. Its strongest fortresses dismembered from the empire by the treaty of Dura, 48. Amida made the capital of the remaining province, 54. Two indecisive campaigns of the Romans and Persians, 520. Manoeuvre of Beli- sarius, iv. 474. Its fortresses taken and destroyed by Chosroes II., v. 170. Re- covered by Heraclius, 188. Conquered by the Saracens, vi. 53. A new pro- vince to the west of the Euphrates, 186. Part of it acquired by Baldwin, 444. Taken by Zenghi, 487. Over-run by the Mongols, vii. 128. By Timour, 165. Messala, Valerius, the first prefect of Rome, his high character, ii. 207, note. Messala, governor of Pannonia, prevents the capture of the princess Constantia, iii, 131.
Messiah, what character expected by the Jews, ii. 8. How regarded by the early Christians, 367. As a pure man by the Ebionites, v. 199. Supposed to be ani- mated by the soul of Adam, 201. Held by the Docetes to be a pure spirit, 203. The two opinions combined by Cerinthus, 205. See Christ, Christianity, and Logos. Mesrobes, inventor of the Armenian letters, iii. 521, note.
Mesuah, an Arabian master of medicine, vi. 149.
Metals and money, their operation in im-
proving the human mind, i. 281. Metaurus, a river of Umbria, i. 367, note. Metellus Numidicus, the censor, his invec-
tive against women, i. 190, note. The honours of his family, 199, note. Methodius, bishop of Tyre, his dialogue of the Ten Virgins, ii. 46, note. Methone, now Modon, a port in Pelopon- nesus, iii, 137, note. Where Belisarius took in fresh supplies, iv. 369. Ceded to Venice in the division of the empire, vii. 5, note.
Metius Falconius, persuades Tacitus to be emperor, i. 391.
Metrophanes of Cyzicus, is made patriarch of Constantinople, vii. 264. Metz, plundered by Attila, iv. 15.
Michael I. Rhangabe, emperor of Constan- tinople, v. 307. Is deposed, 308. Perse- cuted the Paulicians, vi. 242. Michael II. the Stammerer, v. 306, 308, 310. Michael III. v. 314. His extravagance,
315. Is defeated by the Paulicians, vi. 244. Is murdered, v. 316. Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, v. 331. His death, 332.
Michael V. Calaphates, v. 331. He is de- posed, 332.
Michael VI. Stratioticus, v. 333. Becomes a monk, 334.
Michael VII., Ducas, surnamed Parapi-
naces, v. 335. Resigns the crown, and becomes archbishop of Ephesus, 337. Michael VIII., Palæologus. See Palao- logus.
Michael IX., Palæologus. See Palæologus. Michael, a natural son of Constantine An- gelus, founds the Despotat of Epirus, vii. 12.
Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constan- tinople, excommunicated by pope Leo IX., vi. 527.
Michaelis gives a natural solution of the mysterious events that obstructed the rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem, ii. 537, note.
Middleton, Dr., his Free Inquiry, ii. 37, and notes.
Milan, the imperial court of the West, transferred to that city, i. 451. Edict of Constantine, in favour of the Chris- tians, published there, ii. 342. Ambrose archbishop, iii. 236. Tumults occasioned by his refusing a church for Arian wor ship, 237. Taken by Attila, iv. 27. Sub- mits to Belisarius, 420. Is taken and destroyed by the Burgundians, 425. Is again destroyed by Frederic I., v. 428. Its duke protects Genoa, and is styled Lord of Pera, vii. 114. Its first Duke John Galeazzo Visconte, 213, and note. Its duke (Philip Maria) the enemy of pope Eugenius, iv. 225. Its Carroccio in the Capitol of Rome, 371, and note. See Councils.
Miles (Soldier), used by the Romans with different meanings, i. 14, note. Military force, its strength and efficacy dependent on a due proportion to the number of the people, ì. 134.
Military officers of the Republic, i. 16, note. Of the empire at the time of Con- stantine the Great, ii. 215. Of the Lower Empire, vi. 202.
Millennium, doctrine of the, ii. 30. Millet, a food of the Sarmatians, iv. 447, and note.
Miltiades, an early philosophical convert to Christianity, ii. 81, note.
Milton, his list of the Syrian and Arabian deities, ii. vi. note. His allusion to the spicy odors of the Sabæan coast, v. 438,
Mincius, a river of Italy, iii. 350. Flows through lake Benacus, iv. 32, and note. Minervina, first wife of Constantine, and mother of Crispus, ii. 249. Mines, used in sieges, at Petra, iv. 486. With gunpowder, vii. 309, and note. Mingrelia. See Colchis.
Minority, two kinds of, in the Roman law, iii. 320, note. Its term, v. 61, and note. Mint, at Rome, sedition of the workmen, i.
383. None in Britain during the Roman times, ii. 227, and note.
Minucius Felix, described the popular sen- timents of his age, ii. 92, and note. His
account of the accusations against the early Christians, 97, note. Miracles of the primitive church, the third cause of its growth, ii. 38. Attacked by Dr. Middleton, 37. Period of their ces- sation unknown, 38. Those of Jesus and his disciples not noticed by heathen writers, 84; and little insisted on by the early apologists of Christianity, 83. Those ascribed to monks and relics, iv. 129. To the African Catholics, 147. To ima- ges and pictures, v. 364. To Mahomet, 475. To the crusade-missionaries, vi. 413, and notes; 486; 535, note. Mirchond, his history of the East, vi. 107.
note. Mirdites, Scanderbeg's tribe, vii. 282, note. Mirranes, or Mirrhanes, a Persian name or title of honour, iv. 363, and note. Miscreant, or Mécréant, a word invented by the French crusaders, vi. 441. note. Misenum, treaty of peace made there be- tween Octavius and Sextus Pompey, i. 17, notes. A Roman naval station, 22. Its marines brought to support Didius Julianus, 146. Its harbour, when con- structed and destroyed, iii. 409, and notes. Misitheus, minister and father-in-law of the third Gordian, i. 241. His death, 242. Misnah, its severity against apostates, counteracted by a law of Constantius, ii. 530, note.
Misopogon of the emperor Julian, iii. 8. Missionaries, the first Christian, proceeded from Antioch, ii. 396, note. Commerce opened the way for them in the East, iv. 817. Jesuit, in Abyssinia, v. 281, and note.
Missorium, golden dish of Adolphus, its history, iii. 457.
Mistrianus, ambassador from Licinius to Constantine, i. 501.
Mithra, name given by the Magi to the sun, 255.
Mithridates, his massacre of the Romans in Asia, i. 44. Resisted by the city of Cyzicus, 331, and note. His conquest of Colchis, iv. 482. His dynasty, vi. 240, note. Moawiyah, assumes the title of caliph, and makes war against Ali, v. 526. His cha- racter and reign, 527. Recalls Ocba from Africa, vi. 80, note. Is said to have founded Cairoan, 81, note. Lays siege to Constantinople, vi. 115. Moctader, his splendour, vi. 140. Is attacked by the Carmathians, 168. Modar, prince of the Amali, seduced by the emperor Theodosius, turns his arms against his own countrymen, iii. 201. Modayn, or Madayn, Al. See Ctesiphon. Modestinus, a counsellor of Alexander Se- verus; recorded the edict of Antoninus Pius, in favour of the Jews, ii. 90, note. His works, with those of four others, established by Theodosius II., as the ora- cles of jurisprudence, v. 33.
Masia, its situation, i. 28. Peopled by Getæ or Goths in the time of Ovid, 47. note. Ceded by Licinius to Constantine, 513, note. Defended by Theodosius against the Sarmatians, iii. 133. The Visigoths settled there by Valens, 168, 172. The native province of Ulphilas, iv. 131, note; 132. Probable origin of its name and language, 363, note.
Moez, a Fatimite caliph in Egypt, v. 531. Mogul, the Great, title taken by Zingis, vii. 117, note. Continued by the successors of Timour, 191.
Moguls. See Mongols.
Moguntiacum. See Mentz.
Mohadi, third caliph of the Abbassides, vi. 152.
Mohagerians, the Moslem fugitives of Mecca, v. 491.
Mohammed. See Mahomet.
Mohammed, Sultan of Carizme, iii. 158, note. Defeated by Zingis, vii. 122. His death, 123.
Mokawkas, his treaty with Amrou, vi. 59. Moko, the Slave, founder of the Geougen, iii. 362.
Monarchy defined, i. 78. Hereditary, ridi-
culous in theory, but salutary in fact, 214. Monastic institutions, their early traces, ii. 46. Origin, progress, and consequences, iv. 106.
Mondars. See Almondars. Money, the standard and computation of, under Constantine the Great, and his successors, ii. 238, note. See Coinage. Mongols, or Moguls, their connection with the Tartars and Huns. iii. 139, and notes. Their destructive mode of warfare, 561; vii. 140, note; 190. Moguls an incorrect form of their name, 117, note. Their conquests under Zingis, 121. Subdued almost all Asia and a large portion of Europe, 124. Established their Golden Horde in Kaptchak, 129, note. Repeat their conquests under Timour or Tamer- lane, 164. Defeat Bajazet at Angora, 177. Transient nature of their conquests, 191. Have not assisted social improve- ment, 139, note.
Monks, their fabulous accounts of early martyrs, ii. 116. They conceal Athana- sius in the deserts of Thebais, 442. As- sist Martin of Tours in destroying pagan temples, iii. 284. Described by Eunapius, 297. By Rutilius, 328. Their origin, iv. 107. Multiply in Egypt, 108. Are en- couraged by Athanasius, and introduced by him into the West, 112, note. Causes of their progress, 114. Their discipline and rules, 116. Destroy the freedom of the mind, 118. Their manual and literary labours, 121. Their wealth, 123. Their miracles, 128. Their violence at the second council of Ephesus, v. 229. De- fence of image-worship, 366. Are sup- pressed by Constantine Copronymus,
870. Abu Beker instructs the Syrian army to spare them, vi. 22. Monophysites, their origin and doctrine, v. 228. Massacre of them in Persia, 253. History of the sect, 255. Monopolies, privilege of, in the Eastern empire, iv. 323.
Monothelite controversy, v. 250. Montaner, Raymond, one of the Catalan Grand Company, vii. 80, note. Montanists, Tertullian joined their sect, ii. 98, note. Their rigid adherence to an- cient discipline, 131. A remnant of them in Phrygia, persecuted by Justi- nian, v. 243.
Montesquieu expresses the sentiments of Sylla, i. 233, note. Describes the military government of the Roman empire, 243. Illustrates the censorship, 314, note. His view of the relation between freedom and taxation, ii. 232. His apology for minute tyranny, and his misconception of an English law, 496, note. Explains the revolutions of Ásia, iii. 144, note. Mis- takes the settlement of the Goths in the empire, 209, note. His error respecting the divorce of Carvilius, v. 54, note. His comments on the Roman Law of Debtors, 80, note.
Montfaucon, his edition of Chrysostom's works, iii. 432, note. Description of, Rome, vii. 470, note.
Montius, quaestor of the palace, is sent to correct the administration of Gallus, ii. 297. Is put to death, 298. Montreal, Chevalier, robbed by pirates, vii. 403, note. Commands a free company, and is put to death by Rienzi, 417, note. Monuments of architecture constructed by the Romans, i. 58. Designed to the public use, 62. Viewed with wonder by Theodoric, iv. 267. Preserved by him as the noblest ornaments of his kingdom, 269. Causes of their destruction, vii. 446. Moors, driven by the arms of Antoninus Pius into the solitudes of Mount Atlas, i. 9, note. Revolt under Firmus, iii. 114. Assist the Vaandals, 532. Not to be judged by the Moors of the present day, 533, note. Those of the mountains re- sist the Roman general Solomon, iv. 390. Are reduced and converted by the Arabs, and originate the Barbary tribes of the present day, vi. 84.
Mopsuestia, Malmistra, Missis; Ætius, the heretic, banished there, ii. 438, note. Re- covered from the Saracens by Nicephorus Phocas, vi. 177. Taken by the crusaders, 443, note, 444.
Morality of the primitive Christians, a cause of their success, ii. 40. Imitated from the Pythagoreans and Platonists, iv. 187, note. Morea reduced by the Turks, vii. 335. Final expulsion of the Venetians, 337. See Peloponnesus.
Morgingcap, Morgen-gabe, morning-gift, of the Germans, iii. 456, note. Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constantinople by the Venetians, vii. 3. Moscilama, an Arabian chief, endeavours to rival Mahomet in his prophetical charac- ter, vi. 3. His death, 4.
Moses, his religion instituted for a particu- lar country, ii. 7. The immortality of the soul not inculcated in his Law, 26. Admitted into the Koran as a prophet, v. 471. His military laws more rigid than those of Mahomet, v. 493. Moses of Chorene, his character of Chos- roiduchta, i. 440, note. His History of Armenia, ii. 273, note. Its character, iii. 521, nole.
Mosheim, the value of his works, v. 198,
Moslemah, the Saracen, besieges Constan-
tinople, vi. 120. His retreat, 122. Mostali, caliph of Egypt, vi. 454. Mostanser, caliph of Bagdad, vi. 166. Mostasem, the last caliph of Bagdad, killed by the Moguls, vii. 128. Mosthadi, caliph of Bagdad, substituted by Noureddin for the Fatimites in Egypt, vi. 491.
Motassem, the caliph, his wars with Theo- philus, vi. 162. See Amorium. Motawakkel, caliph of Bagdad, killed by his Turkish guards, vi. 166. Mothi, caliph of Bagdad, his reduced state, vi. 180.
Mountain, old man of the. See Assassins. Mourzoufle, usurps the Greek empire, vi. 562. Ís driven from Constantinople by the Latins, 564. His death, vii. 9. Mousa, the son of Bajazet, invested with
the kingdom of Anatolia, by Tamerlane, vii. 181. His reign, 193. Moxoene, one of the five provinces ceded by Persia, i. 448.
Mozarabes of Spain, vi. 109. Mucapor, assassin of Aurelian, i. 386. Mucian race, renowned as Roman jurists,
Mummolus, Ennius, count of Autun, iv. 204.
Municipal cities, of the Romans, their rank and splendour, i. 45. See Cities. Munuza, a Moorish chief, ally of Eudes, duke of Aquitain, vi. 128. Muratori, his literary character, vii, 441,
Murci, name of those who maimed them. selves to escape military service, ii. 221,
Murder punished by pecuniary fines, till Charlemagne made the penalty death, iv. 188.
Murra, supposed to be porcelain, iii. 411,
Mursa, or Essek, battle of, between Con- stantius and Magnentius, ii. 286. Mursas, Tartar chiefs, iii. 147.
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