Music, vocal and instrumental, fashionable
Musonian, a minister of Constantius, ii. 314.
Mustapha, supposed son of Bajazet, vii. 192. Muta. See Battles.
Muza the Saracen, reduces Northern Africa, vi. 86. His conquest of Spain, vi. 96, His disgrace, 100. His death, 101. Muzalon, George, a favourite of Theodore Lascaris, vii. 53. Is murdered, 54. Mygdonius, river, the course of, stopped by Sapor, at the siege of Nisibis, ii. 276. Mythology, pagan, admitted the deities of all idolatrous religions, i. 36. Could not be associated by the Jews with the insti- tutions of Moses, ii, 4.
Mythras, worship of, at Rome, ii. 145, note.
Nacolia. See Battles.
Nacoragan, a Persian general, iv. 488. Nahar-malcha, a canal between the Eu- phrates and Tigris, iii. 28.
Naissus, the Goths defeated there by Clau- dius II., i. 357. Birth place of Constan- tine, 473. Edict issued by him there, 512, note. Its manufactory of arms, iii. 344. Destroyed by Attila, 558. Claimed by him, 565.
Naples, adorned by Theodoric, iv. 269. A Grecian colony and elegant retreat of the Romans, iv. 403. Taken by Belisarius, 404. Its dukes, v. 117. Recovered by its duke Sergius, with the aid of the Normans, vi. 304, and note. Origin of its kingdom as a fief of the Holy See, 312. Its extent marked by the conquests of Robert Guiscard, 317. Conquered by Charles of Anjou, vii. 69. Adorned by monuments of art from Rome, 454. Napoli di Romania, Nauplia, the ancient seaport of Argos, vii. 7, and note. Naphtha, a principal ingredient in the Greek fire, vi. 124.
Narbonne, a Roman colony, gives its name to a province of Gaul, i. 25. Is besieged by Theodoric, and relieved by count Li- torius, iv. 6. Is acquired by the Visigoths, 84. Is seized by the Arabs, vi. 128. Narses, king of Persia, prevails over Hormuz, and expels Tiridates from Armenia, i. 441. Overthrows Galerius, 443. Is sur- prised and routed, 444. Peace between him and the Romans, 447.
Narses, an ambassador from Sapor king of Persia to the emperor Constantius, ii. 314. Narses, three warriors of that name discri- minated, v. 149, note.
Narses, the Persian, general of the emperor Maurice, restores Chosroes II. king of Persia, v. 149. His cruel death, 170. Narses, the eunuch, his military promotion, and dissension with Belisarius, iv. 424. His character and expedition to Italy,
521. Battle of Tagina, 525. Takes Rome, 527. Reduces and kills Teias, the last king of the Goths, 529. Defeats the Franks and Allemanni, 533. Goverus Italy in the capacity of exarch, 534. His disgrace, and death, v. 102, 103. Nations, or the Ditch, battle of, v. 498. Natural children. See Children. Naulobatus, a chief of the Heruli, in the Roman service, is made consul, i. 337. Nauplia. See Napoli.
Navigation of the Romans, i. 68. Navy of the Roman empire i. 22. Of the Greek empire, vi. 213. Of the Venetians, 539. Of the Catalans, vii, 74, 76, note. Nazarene church at Jerusalem, ii. 10. Their faith perhaps imperfect, 396. Nazarius, the pagan orator, his account of miraculous appearances in the sky in favour of Constantine the Great, ii. 356. Nazianzus, or Diocæsarea, the birth-place and episcopal see of Gregory, iii. 223, and note.
Neander, his History of Christianity; cha- racter of councils, ii. 407, nole. His account of the Meletians, 427, note. Of the contest between Liberius and Da- masus, 448, note. Of Julian's education, 505, note. Of Christian bishops and Neo-Platonic philosophers, 513, note. Of the influence of mothers on the edu- cation and character of their sons, iii. 501, note. Of the origin of monachism, iv. 109, note.
Nebridius, prætorian prefect in Gaul, as- serts the rights of Coustantius, and is saved by Julian from the angry soldiers, ii. 478.
Nectarius, a senator, is chosen archbishop of Constantinople, iii. 231. Neged, the inland part of Yemen, v. 438. Negra, or Najiran, in Arabia, Christians there persecuted by Jews, iv. 494, and note.
Negroes of Africa, their ignorance and mental inferiority abused by other na- tions, iii. 119.
Negus, Nagasch, or Najaschi, regal title in Abyssinia, iv. 493, note.
Nehavend, battle of, vi. 16, and note. Nemean games, the immunity of Argos for their celebration, defended by the em- peror Julian, ii. 499. Nemesianus, Olympius, a Latin poet, with
whom Numerian contended, i. 418, notes. Nennius, his History, iv. 213, note. Nepos, Julius, is made emperor of the West by Leo the Great, iv. 93. His abdication and death, 94.
Nepotian, his brief reign and death, ii. 289. Nepthalites, or White Huns. See Huns. Nero, the last lineal successor of Augustus,
i. 98. In the first year of his reign, wished to abolish taxes, 211. Persecuted the Christians as the incendiaries of Rome, ii. 102.
Nerva, emperor, his character, and prudent adoption of Trajan, i. 100. His kindness to the Christians, ii. 112. Nestor, his History of Russia, vi. 275, and notes.
Nestorians, their controversy hastened the ruin of Christianity, iv. 155. Crushed by the penal laws of the empire, v. 256. Survived in Persia, 257. Their missions in the East, 259. Now called Nasara, in Kurdistan, 261, and note.
Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his character, v. 214. His heresy, 216. His dispute with Cyril of Alexandria, 217. Is condemned, and degraded from his epis- copal dignity, 220. Is exiled, 225. His death, 226.
Netherlands, more victims of persecution there in a single reign, than in the whole Roman empire in three centuries, ii. 174. The mariner's compass probably first introduced into Europe there, v. 117, note. Their emigrants first brought the art of weaving into England, vi. 194, note. Windmills probably invented there, vii. 36, note.
Nevers, John de, son of the duke of Bur- gundy, leads an expedition of young French nobles against the Turks, vii. 152. Is taken prisoner at Nicopolis, 153. Ran- somed, 154.
Nevitta, Julian's general, ii. 479. One of the tribunal at Chalcedon, 493. Ap- pointed consul with Mamertinus. 497. His operations in Assyria, iii. 16, 23, 44. Newton, Sir Isaac, detected fraudulent in- terpolations in the Scriptures, v. 207, note. His calculation of the average length of the reigns of sovereigns, 356. Nice, a city of Bithynia, burnt by the Goths, i. 331, 332. Valentinian elected emperor there, iii. 64, 66. Metropolis of the Seljukian kingdom, vi. 386. Con- quered by the crusaders, 440. The em- peror Alexius acquires possession of it, 441. The Greek empire revived there by Theodore Lascaris, vii. 10. Taken by Orchan, 141. By Mirza Mehemmed, Timour's grandson, 179. See Councils. Nicephorium, or Callinicum, a city on the Euphrates, iii. 14. See Callinicum. Nicephorus I., son of Artavasdus, v. 301,
Nicephorus II. (or I.) deposes Irene, and makes himself emperor, v. 307. Rebellion of Bardanes, 308. His transactions with Charlemagne, 416. His wars with Harun al Rashid, vi. 153. Defeated and slain by the Bulgarians, 260.
Nicephorus III. (or II.) Phocas, his services against the Saracens, v. 325. Marries Theophano, widow of Romanus II,, and obtains the throne, 326. Assassinated by Zimisces, 328. His victories while emperor, vi. 186. His reception of Otho's ambassador Luitprand, 185, 204.
Nicephorus IV. (or III.) Botaniates, rebels against Michael VII,, v. 337. Assisted by the Turks, becomes emperor, 338; vi. 385. Deposed by Alexius Comnenus, v. 339. Nicephorus, Briennius, revolts at the same time as Botaniates, and is superseded by him, v. 337.
Nicephorus, son of Constantine Coprony- mus, his fate, v. 303, 304. Nicephorus Callistus, his account of the equestrian statue of Constantine, iii. 58, note. His legend of the martyrdom of Arethas, iv. 494, note.
Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, his Chronicle, v. 169, note.
Nicephorus, Gregoras, his History, vii. 49, note. His inedited MS., 103, note. Nicetas, assists the rebellion of Heraclius, v. 167.
Nicetas, Choniates, Byzantine senator, and historian, vi. 568. His own adventures,
569. Desolation of the city by the Latins, 570, and note.
Nicetius, bishop of Treves, v. 249, and note. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, op-
poses the fourth marriage of the empe ror Leo the philosopher, v. 322. Nicholas I., pope; Photius and Ignatius refer their claims to him, vi. 526. Nicholas II., pope, his alliance with Robert Guiscard, vi. 316.
Nicholas III., pope, his secret treaty with Peter, king of Aragon, vii. 73. Obliged Charles of Anjou to abdicate the govern- ment of Rome, 366.
Nicholas IV., pope, partial to the Colonna family, vii. 387.
Nicholas V. pope, his fame not adequate to his merits, vii. 255. His encourage ment of learning, 256. His example not imitated by his successors, 259, note. His compassion for Constantinople tardy, 301. His peaceful reign and reception of Frederic III., 430.
Nicholas III. of Este, lord of Ferrara, vii, 231, note.
Nicomedia burnt by the Goths, i. 331, 332. Embellished and made the seat of em- pire by Diocletian, 452. Rapid flight of Maximus from Heraclea, 504. Licinius retires there after the battle of Chryso- polis, 524. Its church destroyed by Diocletian, ii. 151. His edict published there, and his palace twice on fire, 153. Residence of Julian, 505, note. Reco- vered by Alexius from the Seljukians, vi. 386. Taken by Orchan, vii. 141. Nicopolis, now Prevesa, founded by Au- gustus, restored by Julian, ii. 499, note. Part of the estate of Jerome's friend, Paula, iii. 403, note.
Nicopolis, now Nicop, or Nikub, built by Trajan, near the Danube, besieged by the Goths in the time of Decius, i. 812, and note. See Battles. Niebuhr, the traveller, his description o.
Arabia the most authentic, v. 445, note. Disproves the fable respecting Meriaba, 442, note. His character of the language of Arabia, 452, note.
Niebuhr, the historian, his Lectures contain his latest views of Roman history, v. 75, note. He retracts in them his former opinion on the Twelve Tables, 7, note. On the "fonus unciarium," 75, note. On the Law of Debtor, 80, note. Ex- plains the Roman penal law, iv. 186, note. His account of the ancient temple of Janus, 413, note. Of the Perpetual Edict, v. 18, note. Of Roman reluctance to marriage, 55, note. Of the "Jus Agrarium," 63, note. Niger, Pescennius, assumes the purple, i. 143. Is defeated by Severus, 151. Killed,
Nika, sedition of the circus, iv. 305. Nile, its importance to Egypt, i. 32. Im- provement in its navigation by Probus, 407. Its inundations, ii. 286, 290, and note. The time of its rise, vi. 57, note. United to the Red Sea by a canal, 68, and note. Its flood caused the defeat of the fifth crusade, 510. Discovery of its statue at Rome, vii. 467. Nineveh. See Battles. Niaus, his era, i. 243, note. Nisibis, taken by Sapor, i. 337. Meeting of Diocletian and Galerius, and reception of Peace the Persian ambassador, 445. concluded there, 447. Sustains three sieges, and resists Sapor II., ii. 275. Surrendered to the Persians by Jovian, iii. 48. He transports its inhabitants to Amida, 54. Attempt of the Romans to recover it, iii. 520. Its walls levelled by the Saracens, vi. 53.
Nitria, Valens sends an armed force against its monasteries, iii. 88. Peopled by monks, iv. 110.
Nizam, the Persian vizir, his illustrious cha- racter, and unhappy fate, vi. 382. Noah, superstructure of fable raised on his ark, i. 276. One of Mahomet's prophets, v. 471.
Nobata. See Nubians.
Nobilissimus, a title invented by Constan- tine, ii, 256. Noga, rebels against the khan of Kipzak,
Nogaret, William of, his attack on pope Boniface VIII., vii. 379. Nogent, a Benedictine abbey, near which Človis defeated Syagrius, iv. 161, note. Nola, in Campania, the episcopal retreat of Paulinus, iii. 449. Bells first introduced into the church there by him, vi. 25, note.
Nonnosus, Justinian's ambassador to Abys- synia, iv. 495.
Noricum described, i. 27.
Normans, their first incursions, v. 413. Their settlement in France, vi. 301. In-
troduction into Italy, 302, and note. They serve in Sicily, 305. Conquer Apu- lia, 306. Their character, 308. Take pope Leo IX. prisoner, and enter into a treaty with him, 312. With Nicholas II., 316. Conquer Sicily, 321. Their wars with the Greek empire, 324, 338. Lose Apulia and Calabria, 348. Are finally lost among the people whom they van- quished, 357. The duchy of Normandy mortgaged by duke Robert, 421. Notaras, Lucas, his character drawn by Phranza, vii. 287. His fate at the capture of Constantinople, 330.
Notitia Dignitatum Imperii, a court ca lendar, ii. 186, note.
Notoria, official information periodically conveyed to the emperors from the pro- vinces, i. 353, note.
Noureddin, sultan, his exalted character, vi. 487. His death, 493. Novatians exempted by Constantine's edict, from the penalties of heresy, ii. 388. Per- secuted by Macedonius, 452. Novels of Justinian, v. 43.
philosopher, vi. 182, note. Novogorod, its early importance, vi. 279. Nubians, or Nobatæ, Diocletian's treaty
with them, i. 436. Or Blennyes, in- vade the prison of Nestorius, v. 226. Their conversion to Christianity, 277. Their present state, ib. note. Numerals, Arabic, or ciphers, their inven- tion, vi. 118.
Numerian, son of Carus, succeeds his father with his brother Carinus, i. 412. His character, 418. His death, 419. Numidia, its extent at different periods, i. 33. Its mines, places of banishment for Christians, ii. 118, note. Nushirvan. See Chosroes I. Nushizad, son of Nushirvan, iv. 467, note. Nymphæum, an imperial palace near Smyrna, vii. 59, and note.
Oak, Synod of the. See Councils. Oasis, in the deserts of Libya, iii. 489, note. Nestorius banished there, v. 235, note. Oath of the legious, i. 11. By the head of the emperor, iii. 432, and note. Obedience, passive, a Christian doctrine, ii. 345. Not adopted by Protestants, 346. Obeidollah, governor of Cufa, suppresses the insurrection of Hosein, v. 528. Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their That of Heliopolis erection, ii. 309. removed to Rome by Constantius, 310. Oblations to the church, origin of, ii. 59. Obligations, human, the sources of, v. 71.
Laws of the Romans respecting, 72.
Ockley, his History of the Saracens and ill-requited labours, vi. 22, note; 117,
Octai succeeds his father Zingis, as great Khan, vii. 124. Turns his arms against the West, 128. Changes his tent for a house, 133.
"Octavia," an unfavourable specimen of Roman tragedy, iii. 420, note. Octavian. See John XII., pope. Octavianus. See Augustus.
Octavius, C., father of Augustus, i. 93,
Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposition to Sapor, i. 340. Is associated in the empire by Gallienus, 345. Is as- sassinated, 373. Succeeded by his widow Zenobia, ib.
Odeum of Athens, restored by Herodes Atticus, i. 61, and note.
Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, i. 284, note. His history, 305, vii. 451. Odoacer the first Barbarian king of Italy, iv. 96. His character and reign, 102. Re- signs all the Roman conquests beyond the Alps to Euric the Visigoth, 157. Is reduced and killed by Theodoric the Os- trogoth, 253.
Oenaria, or Ischia, Genoese alum-works there, vii. 195, and note. Officers. See Military.
Oghusian Tartars, progenitors of the Otto- mans, vii. 187, note.
Ogors, or Varchonites, a tribe conquered by the Turks, iv. 454. Ohud. See Battles.
Oil, indispensable to the ancients; quantity supplied by Africa for Rome, iii. 418. Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism, vi. 289. Olive, introduced into the West, i. 70. Olybrius is raised to the Western empire by count Ricimer, iv. 91. His death, 93. Olympia, an Armenian princess, iii. 120. Olympic games, still celebrated in the time
of Julian, ii. 499. Those of Antioch, 546, note. Compared with the tournaments of the middle ages, vi. 426. Olympiodorus, his account of the city of Rome, iii. 402. Of the marriage of Adol- phus with Placidia, 455.
Olympius, the Alexandrian philosopher, de- feuds the temple of Serapis, iii. 287. Olympius, prejudices the emperor Honorius against Stilicho, iii. 385. Causes Stilicho to be put to death, 387. His disgrace and ignominious death, 430.
Oman, a maritime district of Arabia, oppo- site to Persia, v. 438.
Omar, his conversion to Islamism, v. 486. Nominates Abu Beker to succeed Ma- homet, v. 518. Becomes caliph, 519. Makes Moawiyah governor of Syria, 526. His frugality, economy, and liberality, vi. 5. Conquests of the Saracens during his reign, 7. His journey to conclude the capitulation of Jerusalem, 45. Omar II., Ben Abdalaziz, conducts the second siege of Constantinople, vi. 121. Ommiyah, the family raised to the caliphate
by Moawiyah, v. 526. Character of its succeeding princes, vi. 6. Reduction of their power, 117. Their unpopularity, 133. Massacred by Abul Abbas, 136. Pre- servation of their dynasty in Spain, 187. Onagri, or wild-asses, i. 415, note. Military engines so called, iv. 411. Onegesius, Attila's favourite, iii. Optatus, a patrician, massacred with the Constantine family, ii. 268.
Oracles, heathen, attempts to revive their credit, ii. 145, and note. Silenced by Constantine, 458.
Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, vii. 140. Con- quers Bithynia and builds a fleet, 143. Marries the daughter of the emperor Cantacuzene, 145. His death, 147. Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church, ii. 370.
Orestes, a Pannonian, ambassador from Attila to Theodosius the Younger, iii. 569. His promotion under the Western empe rors, iv. 95. His son Augustulus, the last emperor of the West, 95. Orestes, prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mob in Alexandria, v. 212. Orfa. See Edessa.
Oribasius, a friend to whom Julian confided the secret of his conversion, ii. 517, note. Oriflamme, the French standard, vi. 480, and note.
Origen employed the Platonic philosophy in making converts to Christianity, ii. 81, note. Declares the number of pri- mitive martyrs to be very inconsiderable, 119. His conference with Mamaa, 137. His memory persecuted, and his works condemned as heretical by the emperor Justinian and his clergy, v. 247. Orlando, Rolando, or Rutland, slain in the Pyrenees, v. 405, note.
Orleans besieged by Attila, and relieved by Etius and Theodoric, iv. 16. Sigismund, last king of Burgundy, and his family massacred there, 173.
Ormia, or Ouroomia, the ancient Thebarma, v. 184, and note.
Ormusd, the principle of good in Zoroaster's theology, i. 254.
Ormuz supplied the Romans with pearls, i. 73, note. Made tributary to Timour, vii. 165. Its history, ib., note. Orosius, the friend of Augustin, his account of the invasion of Radagaisus, iii. 369, 870, notes. Of the letters addressed to Honorius by the Gothic chiefs in Spain, 471, note.
Orthogrul, leader of the Oghusian Tartars from whom the Ottomans descend, vii. 137, note, 138.
Ortok, a Turkman chief, vi. 395. Osimo, capitulates to Belisarius, iv. 428. Osiris. See Isis.
Osius, bishop of Cordova, his influence with Constantine, ii. 359. Prevails on him to ratify the Nicene creed, 417. Is with
difficulty induced to concur in deposing Athanasius, 438. Osman. See Othman.
Osrhoene, conquered by Trajan, i. 7. See Edessa, and Mesopotamia.
Osset, or Julia Constantia, its baptismal fonts, iv. 151 and note.
Ossian, the imagery of his poems uniformly Caledonian, i. 6, note. His supposed allusion to the wars of Severus in Britain, 165, and note. Is said to have disputed with a Christian missionary, ii. 78, note. Ostia, its port formed by the emperor Clau- dius, i. 68. Described, iii. 433, and note. Its capture by Alaric, 434. Defeat of the Saracens by pope Leo IV., and a Neapo- litan fleet, vi. 160. Its present vacant and desolate state, vii. 373. The plunder of a wreck there punished by Rienzi, 405, and note.
Ostrogoths. See Goths.
Otas, an Armenian satrap, i. 440. Othman, the Koran revised by him, v. 474. Third caliph, 520. Betrayed by his secre- tary, Merwan, 521. Murdered, 522. Am- rou recalled by him from Egypt, vi. 55. Abdallah appointed by him to command the first expedition into Western Africa. 72.
Othman, or Osman (the bone-breaker), gave his name to the Ottomans, vii. 137, note. His first invasion of the territory of Ni- comedia, 138. His glory achieved by his descendants, 139. Character of his troops, 140. His attack on Rhodes, 142, and note.
Ottomans, their origin, 187, note; 188. Beginning of their empire, 140. Its present state, ib., note. Pass into Eu- rope, 144. Their permanent establish- ment there, 146. Recover from their defeat at Angora, 191. Re-union of their empire by Mahomet I., 194. Personal qualities of their princes, 199. Their obscure origin, 200. Their training,
Ovid, compelled at Tomi to learn the Gothic language, confounds it with the Sarma- tian, i. 47, note. His exile, 109, note. Exaggerated account of his sufferings, and confused description of the people among whom he lived, ii. 261, note. Oxford, saved from being made a Maho- metan school, vi. 130, and note. Number of students there in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, vii. 243, note. Its first teachers of Greek, 257, note.
Otho I., king of Germany, enlarges the limits of his States, v. 415. His trans- actions with the Eastern empire, 418. Obtains the right of nominating the Roman pontiff, 419. Is crowned emperor by pope John XII., 423. Deposes him, 421, 423. His embassy of Luitprand to Constantinople, vi. 188, 210. Defeats the Hungarians at Augsburg, 272. Cam- paign in Calabria against the Greeks, 297. Otho II. marries Theophano, or Theopha- nia, daughter of Romanus II., v. 326; vi. 210. Accused of a perfidious slaughter of Roman nobles, v. 423, and note. De- feated by the Greeks and Saracens at Crotona (Basientello), vi. 297.
Otho III. designs to fix his seat of empire in Italy, v. 424. His adventures in Rome and death, ib.
Otho of Frisingen, assists in appeasing the public indignation against Bernard after the failure of the second crusade, vi. 486, note. His Chronicle of his times, vii. 367, note.
Oxus, or Jihoon, colony planted on its banks by Alexander, iv. 458, note. Its navigation for the purposes of commerce, 476; vii. 167, note. Crossed by the victorious Saracens, vi. 72. Passed and repassed by Zingis, vii. 123. Timour's early adventures in its regions, 163. The country on its northern side (Trans- oxiana), called Maveralnaher, or "that which is beyond the river," 166, nole. Oxyrinchus, in Egypt, noted for its super- stition, iv. 111.
Otho de la Roche, Great Duke of Athens and Thebes, vii. 80.
Otranto, taken and sacked by the Turks, vii. 336.
Otrar taken by Zingis, vii. 122. Timour dies there, 188.
Pacatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the Great, iii. 250. Pachomius and his monks occupy the island of Tabenne, iv. 110.
Pacta, or simple agreements, their validity, v. 72, and note.
Pæderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law, v. 85. By Justinian, 87. Patus, Elius, his Tripartite, the oldest Roman work on Jurisprudence, v. 25. Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, ii. 461, note.
Paganism, its ruin suspended by the divi- sions among the Christians, ii. 461. Sys- tem of the emperor Julian, 512.
its early hierarchy and jurisdiction, iii. 272. Renounced by the Roman se- nate, 279. Sacrifices prohibited, 281, Temples demolished, 282. Its holiday character, 291, note. Its ruin deplored by the sophists, 297. Pagan ceremonies revived in Christian churches, 302. A secret remnant discovered and persecuted by Justinian, v. 244. Imputed to the classic enthusiasts of the fifteenth cen- tury, vii. 258, and note. See Polytheism. Painting combined with sculpture to adorn the edifices of antiquity, i. 62. Better cultivated than learning, by the Italians of the sixth century, v. 131. Historical,
« PreviousContinue » |