by Germans in the tenth century, vi. 271,
and note.

Palace of Caracalla and Geta, i. 167, and
note. Of Diocletian at Salona, 465. Of
Theodoric at Verona, iv. 269. The By-
zantine of Justinian, 336.

Palæologus, origin of the family, vii. 54.
Its extinction, 337.

Palæologus, Andrew, son of the Despot
Thomas, vii. 337, note.

Palæologus, Andronicus. See Andronicus
II., the Elder.

Palæologus, Andronicus. See Andronicus
III., the Younger.

Palæologus, Andronicus IV., his conspiracy
with Sauzes, son of Amurath I., vii. 155.
Escapes from his prison, and divides the
empire with his father, 356.

Palæologus, Andronicus, second son of
Manuel II., invested with the princi-
pality of Thessalonica, vii. 221. His
death, 222, 284.

Palæologus, Constantine. See Constantine.
Palæologus Demetrius, brother of John
VIII., fails in his attempt to obtain the
throne, vii. 284. Divides the Morea with
his brother Thomas, 285. Expelled by
Mahomet II., who marries his daughter,
and allows him a pension, 335. Dies in
a monastery, 336.

Palæologus, George, seizes the fleet of
Nicephorus Botaniates, v. 339. Defends
Durazzo against Robert Guiscard, vi.
326. Placed Alexius Comnenus on the
throne, vii. 54.

His

Palæologus, John V., emperor of Constanti-
nople, vii. 94. Marries the daughter of
John Cantacuzene, 102. Takes up arms
against Cantacuzene, and is reduced to
flight, 104. His restoration, 105. Discord
between him and his sons, 155.
treaty with pope Innocent VI., 209. His
visit to pope Urban V. at Rome, 210.
Palæologus, John VII., son of Andronicus
IV., imprisoned with his father, vii. 155.
Released, admitted to a share of the em-
pire, and resides at Selymbria, 156. Con-
test with his uncle Manuel, ib. Reigns in
Constantinople during Manuel's absence,
158. Is dismissed to the isle of Lesbos
on his uncle's return, 197.
Palæologus II., John VIII., son of Manuel
II., succeeds his father, vii, 199, 222.
Resumes the design of uniting the
churches, 223. Sends ambassadors to
the Council of Basil, 226. Invited by the
pope to Ferrara, 227. Embarks, 228.
His reception at Venice, 230. At Ferrara,
231. Subscribes the act of union at Flo-
rence, 238. Assailed with murmurs on his
return to Constantinople, 263. His con.
duct during the war of Ladislaus against
the Turks, 270, and note. His death, 284.
Palæologus, Manuel, son of Michael IX., is
assassinated by his brother Andronicus,
vii. 88.

|

Palæologus, Manuel. See Manuel II.
Palæologus, Manuel, son of the Despot
Thomas, educated in Italy, returns to
Constantinople, vii. 337.

Palæologus, Michael VIII., guardian of
John Lascaris, vii. 32. His early ser
vices, 54. Assumes the active powers of
government, 56. Proclaimed and crowned
joint Emperor, 58. Receives the intelli-
gence of the recovery of Constantinople,
59.

Returns to that city, 60. Blinds
and imprisons John Lascaris, and makes
himself sole Emperor, 61. Is excom-
municated by Arsenius, 62. Recovers
portions of the empire, 64. Concludes a
treaty to unite the two Churches, 66.
Persecutes the dissentients, 68. His
death dissolves the union, 69. The
Sicilian conspiracy against Charles of
Anjou, promoted by him, 72. Was sur-
prised by a Tartar army and escaped by
ransom, 135.

Palæologus, Michael IX., son of Androni-
cus II., and, father of Andronicus III.,
vii. 87. Dies of grief, 88.
Palæologus, Michael, lieutenant of the em
peror Manuel Comnenus, commands in
Italy, and takes Bari, vi, 348.
Palæologus, Theodore, third son of Manuel
II., has a share of the Morea, vii. 229.
Retires into a monastery (called Isidore),
284.

Paleologus, Thomas, youngest son of
Manuel II., v. 284. Despot of the Morea,
supports the claim of his brother Con-
stantine to the throne, 285. Escapes
from the Turks and dies in Italy, vii.
336.

Palamas, Gregory, his discussions with
Barlaam on the light of Mount Thabor,
vii. 107.

Palanders. See Huissers.

Palatines, origin and nature of these Roman
troops, ii. 217. Auxilia Palatina; deri-
vation and history of the word, iii. 380,

note.

Palermo taken by Belisarius, iv. 400.
Palestine, its extent and fertility, i. 30 and
note. Extirpation of its idolatrous na-
tives by the Jews, ii. 15. Serenity of its
sky, 85, note. Conquered by Chosroes II.
v. 171. Re-occupied by Heraclius, 196.
Distracted by religious discord, 236, note.
Conquered by the Saracens, vi. 47. By
the Turks, 389. Its population, 462. See

Councils.

Palestrina, or Præneste, patrimony of the
Colonna family, vii, 388.

Palladium of Rome, invaded by Elagabalus,
i. 185. How guarded, iii. 274.
Palladius, son of Petronius Maximus, mar-
ried to the daughter of Valentinian III.,
iv. 44.
Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentinian
to inquire into the government of Africa,
iii. 114.

Pallas, freedman of the Emperor Claudius,

his wealth, i. 119, note.
Palma, Trajan's lieutenant, conquers a
province to which the name of Arabia is
given, v. 444, note.

Palmyra, under Odenathus, resists Sapor,
i. 339. Capital of Zenobia's kingdom,
371. Taken by Aurelian, 377. Rebels
and is destroyed, 379.

Pambo, a monk, reproves the ostentation of
Melania, iv. 123, note.

Pamphronius, ambassador from Rome to the
Emperor Maurice, v. 114.

Pamphylia, a Roman province, i. 29. Its
peasants defeat Tribígild, iii. 492.
Panatius was the first teacher of the Stoic
philosophy at Rome, v. 27.

Pandects, or Digest, of Justinian, v. 36.
Meaning of the word, ib., note. Discovery
of them at Amalphi, 41, note. Trans-
lated into Greek, 20, note; vi. 226, and
note.

Panhypersebastos, title in the Greek em-
pire, vi. 200.

Pannonia, one of the Illyrian provinces of
the empire, i. 27. One of the last and
most difficult conquests of the Romans,
143. Supplied the best troops in the
service, 144. Invaded by the Quadi, iii.
131. By Alaric, 346. Abandoned by
Etius to the Huns, 549. Occupied by
the Ostrogoths, iv. 36. By the Gepidæ,
441. By the Lombards, v. 101. Aban-
doned by them, 104. Reduced by Char-
lemagne, 411. Its solitudes peopled by
Hungarian emigrants, vi. 263.
Pansophia. See Irene.

Pantheon at Rome, erected by Agrippa, i.
59, note. Converted into a Christian
Church by Pope Boniface IV., iii. 285, and
note; vii. 452, and note. How dedicated
by its founder, ib. Robbed of its brass
tiles by Constans II, 453, and note..
Pantomimes, Roman, described, iii. 420.
Paper introduced from China at Samarcand,
and thence at Mecca, vi. 21, note.
Papias, the first authority for the Hebrew
original of Matthew's gospel, ii. 69, note;
v. 200, note.

Papinian, prætorian prefect to Severus, i.
160. Hated by Caracalla, deprived of
the office and murdered, 172, and note.
The highest Roman legal authority, v.
33.

note.

124.

Paternal authority, by the Roman laws, v.
47. Limitations, 48.

Patras, delivered from the Sclavonians and
Saracens, vi. 189.

Patrician of Rome, first a lieutenant of the
Greek emperor, afterwards the title of a
foreign ally or protector, v. 388, note.
Attempt to revive it, vii. 362.
Patricians, many of their most noble fami-
lies extinct, i. 79. Augustus and his
successors affected to adopt their lan-
guage and principles, 89. Of the Roman
republic, and under the emperors, com-
pared, ii. 203. The name assumed by
the meanest subjects of the empire, iv.
100, note.

Patrick, tutelar saint of Ireland. His his-
tory, iii. 377, note. Derivation of his
name, iv. 100, note.
Patripassians, a name given to the Sabel-
lians, ii. 407, note.

Patzinacites (Petschenegen), a Turkish tribe
that settled in Hungary, v. 273 note.
Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his
character and history, ii. 140. His ad-
herents persecuted by Constantine, 387.
Paul, archbishop of Constantinople, his
contest with Macedonius, ii. 449.
Paul, St., his missions from the church of
Antioch, ii. 396, note. Veneration for
his tomb, iii, 297; v. 129. Wealth poured
his altar at Rome, vii. 383.
Paul of Cilicia, a soldier trained by Belisa-
rius, iv. 518.

Paul (Julius Paulus, a contemporary of
Ulpian), the authority of his legal writings
established by Theodosius II., v. 33. By
Constantine, ib., note.

Paul, the Hermit, Jerome's legends of him,
ii. 117, note. Said to have been the first
monk, iv. 109, note.

Paul of Tanis, patriarch of Alexandria, v.
272.

Paul II., pope, persecuted Pomponius
Lætus, and his Roman Academy, as
pagans, vii. 258, note.

Paul Warnefrid, the Deacon (Paulus Dia-
conus), his History De Gestis Lango-
bardorum, v. 98, note. Sensible of the
nobility of his race, 120, note.
Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious
descent, iii. 399. Was owner of the city
of Nicopolis, 403. Her monastic zeal, iv.
115.

Paulicians, origin and character of, vi. 236.
Are persecuted by the Greek emperors,
241. They revolt, 242. Are reduced, and
transplanted to Thrace, 245. Their pre-
sent state, 247.

Paulina, wife of Maximin, softens his fero-
city, i. 220, note.

Paulinus Suetonius recalled from Britain,
i. 3, note.

Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodo-

sius the Younger, his crime and execu-
tion, iii. 518.

Paulinus, bishop of Nola, iii. 449; vi. 25, note.
Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia, flies into
the island of Grado, v. 104.

Pavia (or Ticinum), defeat of the Alle-
manni by Aurelian, i. 367. Useless vic-
tory of Magnentius, ii. 289. Massacre
of Stilicho's friends, iii. 386. Intrenched
camp of Theodoric, iv. 252. The city
decorated by him, 260. Taken by Alboin,
and made the capital of the Lombard
kingdom, v. 105. Surrendered to Charle-
magne by Desiderius, 386. Burnt by the
Hungarians, vi. 270.

Peace, Temple of, adorned with celebrated
paintings by Vespasian, i. 62, nole. Re-
mains of it seen by Poggio, vii. 444.
Pearls, said to abound in the British seas,
i. 4, and note. Fisheries at Ormus and
Cape Comorin, 73, note; vii. 165, note.
A private soldier's estimate of their
value, i. 444. Diocletian's diadem, a
broad white fillet set with them, 457.
Expensive taste of the Roman females
for them, vi. 78, note.

Peers, English House of, v. 45, and note.
Court of, in Godfrey's Assise, vi. 467.
Pegasians, a party among the Roman civi-
lians, v. 32.

Pehlvi language, i. 251, nole.
Pekin taken by Zingis, vii. 121.
Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin
clergy, iii. 374. And in Britain, 480.
Pelagius, the heresiarch, said to have been
a native of Wales, iii, 374, note.

Pelagius I., pope, while archdeacon, governs
the church, and pleads with Totila for
Rome, iv. 511, and note. Succeeds Vigi-
lius as head of the church, v. 248.
Pelamides, a sort of tunnies, found in the
Propontis, ii. 183, note.

Pella, church of the Nazarenes, ii. 11.
Peloponnesus, conquered by Alaric, iii. 839.
Guarded by the fortifications of Jus
tinian, iv. 339. Overrun by Sclavonian
bands, vi. 189. Its state and manufac
tures under the Greek empire, 190. A
portion of it allotted to the Venetians in
the division of the empire, vii. 5, note.
Principality of the Morea founded there,
19, note. See Morea.

Pelso, Lake, drained by Galerius, i. 488.
Penal laws of Rome, v. 81.
Penance, Public, a part of church discipline,
ii. 64. Digested into a system of cano-
nical jurisprudence, 380.
Pendragon, his office and power in Britain,
iii. 480.

Penitentials, of the Greek and Latin
churches, vi. 407.

Pentapolis of Cyrene, or Upper Lybia, ii.
381, note. Of Italy, v. 391.
Pepin, king of France, assists the pope
against the Lombards, v. 384. Receives
from him the title of king, 386. Grants
the Exarchate to him, 391.

Pepin, John, count of Minorbino, reduces
Rienzi, vii. 413.

Pepper, its estimation and price at Rome,
iii. 427, note.

Peredeus assists Rosamond to kill Alboin,
and is poisoned by her, v. 106.
Peregrinus, the philosopher, Lucian's ac
count of him, ii. 42, note.

Perennis, minister of Commodus, i. 116.
Perfectissimus, a court title, ii. 199, note,
Pergamus, Oribasius, a physician there,
Julian's friend, ii. 517, note. Its library
given by M. Antony to Cleopatra, iii.
286, note; vi. 66, note.
Perinthus, or Heraclea, in Thrace, Byzan-
tium made subject to it by Severus, L
154. Belisarius waits there for horses,
iv. 368. The Genoese plant their first
colony there, vii. 61. See Heraclea.
Perisabor, or Anbar, taken by Julian, iii. 22.
See Anbar.

Perozes, or Phirouz, king of Persia, his ex-

pedition against the Nephthalites, iv. 345.
Perozes, the physician. See Buzurg Mihir.
Persarmenia, the name of Armenia, while
it was a province of Persia, iii. 523. In-
vaded by Belisarius, iv. 363. Its people
oppressed and driven to revolt by the
intolerance of the Magi, v. 138.
Persecution of the Israelites in Egypt, 136,
note. Of other religions by the Magi,
260. Never practised but to protect the
wealth and emolument of the persecu
tors, 259, note; ii. 3, note; 101, nole;
134, note. Seldom calmly investigated

or candidly appreciated by the sufferers,
88. Calumny always one of its weapons,
101, note. The first against the Chris-
tians, by Nero, 103. Confined to the
walls of Rome, 108. The second by
Domitian, 111. Legal form given to it
by Trajan, 113. The celebrated number
of Ten by the Roman emperors, 133.
Rigor of Severus, 136. Of Maximin,
138. Of Decius, 139. Of Valerian and
Gallienus, 140. Of the bishops against
Paul of Samosata, executed by Aurelian,
142. Edict of Diocletian, 151. Its ef-
fects, 158. Its failure, 163. End of the
persecutions, 167. Probable number of
victims, 171. Exceeded by the cruelties
of Christian sects towards each other,
173. Persecution of the Donatists by
Constantine and his successors, 300. Of
Arius and his disciples, 418. Of Atha-
nasius, 430. Of his friends, 437. Mutual,
of their two factions, 447. Of the Circum-
cellions, 453. Of Athanasius by Julian,
556. Of magic by Valentinian and Va-
lens, iii. 78. Of Arians, by Theodosius,
220, 225. Of Gregory of Nazianzus, by
the bishops, 231. Of all heretics, by
Theodosius, 232. Of Andians, or Quarto-
decimaus, 233. Of Priscillian, and his
sect, by Maximus, 235. Of Paganism,
by Theodosius, 292. Of Rufinus and Jo-
vinian, by Jerome, Damasus, and Am-
brose, 346, note. Of Chrysostom, by
Theophilus, 504. Of Christians in Persia,
579. Of the Donatists, 534. Of the
African refugees, by pope Leo, iv. 49,
note. Of the African Catholics, by the
Arian Vandals, 138. Of the Jews in
Spain, 154. Of the Armenian Christians,
by the Magi, v. 133. Of Arians, by
Nestorius, 215. Of Nestorius by Cyril
Of heretics, pagans, and Jews,
by Justinian, 243. Of Nestorians, 256.
Of the Christians of India by the Portu-
guese, 262. Of Mahomet and his dis-
ciples, by the Koreish, 488. Of the Pau-
licians, vi. 282. Of the Albigeois, 250;
vii. 380, note. Of Servetus, by Calvin,
vi. 252, and note. Of the Arminian Re-
monstrants in Holland, 254, note.
Perseus of Macedon, the treasures taken
from him, i. 202.

219.

invaded by Julian, iii. 15.
sage of the Tigris, 29. Julian harassed
in his retreat, 37. Treaty of peace be
tween Sapor and Jovian, 48. Reduction
of Armenia, and death of Sapor, 120, 122.

war with Theodosius, II., 518. Peace
concluded by the partition of Armenia,
523. The silk trade carried on from
China through Persia, for the supply of
the Roman empire, iv. 313. Death of
Perozes, 346. War with Anastasius, ib.
Peace, 347. Visit of the seven philoso-
phers, 355. War with Justinian, 364.
Reign of Cabades and fanaticism of Maz-
dak, 461. Accession of Nushirvan, 462.
His victories, 471. Checked by Belisarius,
474. Peace, 491. War renewed, v. 136.
Death of Nushirvan, 148. Rebellion of
Bahram, 146. Chosroes II. restored by
the emperor Maurice, 151. Invades the
Roman empire, 169. His wars with He-
raclius, 178. Final defeat, 192. Death,
194. Peace, 195. Church of the Nes-
torians in Persia, 257. Invaded by the
Saracens, vi. 9. Battle of Cadesia, 11.
Sack of Madayn, 14. Death of Yezde-
gerd, the last monarch, 19. Fall of his
kingdom, 20. Conquered by the Bowides,
173. By the Turks at Zendecan, 366.
By Zingis, vii. 123. By Timour, 165.
Persians, their reverence for Ali, and

hatred of the Turks, by whom they are
called Shiites, or sectaries.
Pertinax, his merit and elevation, i. 127.
His virtuous reign, 131. Conspiracy
against him, 133. Murdered, 134. His
funeral rites, and oration by Severus,
148.

Pescennius. See Niger.

Petavius, his work on the Trinity, ii. 403,
nole. Character of his Dogmata Theo-
logica, v. 198, note.

Pestilence at Rome in the time of Com-
modus, i. 120. Universal in the third
century, 350. Among the Germans in
Italy, v. 425, and note. In Syria, vi. 52.
At Antioch, among the crusaders, 449.
At Acre, 503, 556, note. At Rome, during
the Jubilee, vii. 383. See Plague.
Peter of Arragon employs John of Procida
to forward his designs on Sicily, vii. 72,
note. Obtains the island for his family,

75.

Peter. See Bartholemy.

Peter, the Bulgarian chief, vi. 533.
Peter of Courtenay, Latin emperor of Con
stantinople, vii. 21. His captivity and
death, 23.
Peter I, Czar of Russia, compared with
Constantine, ii. 253. With Leovigild, the
Gothic king of Spain, iv. 151, note.
Peter, Gnapheus, or the Fuller, patriarch
of Antioch, v. 239, note.

Peter, the Hermit, his mission to the East

vi. 396. Preaches the first crusade, 397,
and note. Leads the first band; his ad-
ventures, and arrival in Asia, 414, and
note. Escapes their destruction, 417,
note. Attempted flight from Antioch,
450, note. Close of his career, 459, note
Peter, brother of the emperor Maurice, his
arrogance to the Azimuntines, cowardice,
and discomfiture, v. 158.

Peter, the Patrician, or of Thessalonica,
his Fragments in the Excerpta Lega-
tionum, i. 445, note. His embassies
from Justinian to Theodatus, iv. 398, and
note.

Peter, De Rupibus (or des Roches) bishop

of Winchester, his history, and command
of the papal army at Viterbo, vii. 373, note.
Peter, St., his visit to Rome; the hero of
the Eneid said by father Hardouin to
be his allegorical representative, ii. 56,
note. Discovery of his tomb, iii. 297.
Veneration for it, v. 129. Two of his
Epistles rejected by the Paulicians, vi.
237.

Peter's, St., church at Rome, occupies the
site of Nero's garden, ii. 104. The most
glorious structure ever applied to the
use of religion, vii. 469.

Petra, a fortress built by the Romans near

the mouth of the Phasis, iv. 484. Sur-
rendered to the Persians, 485. Besieged
by Justinian's general, Dagisteus, 186.
Taken by Bessas, and its works demo-
lished, 488.

Petra, a town in the Roman province of
Arabia, chief city of the Nabathæans,
v. 444, note.

Petrarch, his effort to restore peace between
Venice and Genoa, vii. 114. His studies
and services in reviving literature, 244.
His friendship for Stephen Colonna, the
elder, 389, 391. His love for Laura, 392,
and note. His works, 393. His corona-
tion in the Capitol, 395. His praise of
Rienzi, 405. His letter after the slaugh-
ter of the Colonna family, 413, note. His
visit to Charles IV., 418. His exhorta-
tions to the popes, 419. He accuses the
citizens of Rome of destroying their
architectural monuments, 460.
Fetronius, the patrician, father-in-law of
Valens, iii. 71. See also Procopius.
Petronius, See Maximus, and Probus.
Pfeffel, character of his History of Ger-
many, v. 432, note.

Phalanx, the Grecian, contrasted with the
Roman legion, i. 15.

Phantasma, Phantastic system of the Do-
cetes, ii. 399, note; v. 202.
Pharamond, the foundation of the French
monarchy by him doubtful, iii. 473. Mean-
ing of the name (Faramund), v. 120, note.
Pharas commands the Heruli, in the
African war, under Belisarius, iv. 365.
Pursues Gelimer, and prevails upon him
to surrender, 383.

Pharisees, the sect among the Jews, ii. 28.
Phasis, the river, entered by the Goths, i.
330. Its course and character described,
iv. 476. Ascended by the Roman galleys
in the time of Pompey, 482. A frontier
of the empire, soon abandoned, 483.
Commanded by the fortress of Petra, 484.
Defeat of the Persians on its banks, 489.
Pheasant, derivation of the name, iv. 478.
Distinguished as a royal bird, vii. 338, and
note.

Philadelphia, one of the Seven Cities of
Asia, opens its gates to Theodore Las-
caris, vii. 10. Besieged by the Turks and
relieved by the Catalans, 77. Still erect;
its modern name Alla Shehr; capitulates
to the Turks, 142, and note.
Philagrius, prefect of Egypt, odious to
Athanasius, praised by Gregory Nazian-
zen, ii. 430, and note.
Philelphus, Francis, his character of the
Greek language of Constantinople, vii.
241. Saves his family from captivity by
a Latin Ode, addressed to Mahomet II,
289, note; 326.

Philip succeeds Gordian III. as emperor,
i. 243. Celebrates the secular games,
246. Confusion in the history of his
times, 299. His death, 301. Peace of
the Christian Church during his reign,
ii. 138.

Philip, son of the emperor, killed by the
Prætorians, i. 301.

Philip, minister of Constantius, executes
the order for the banishment and death
of the bishop Paul, ii. 450. Grandfather
of the prefect Anthemius, iii. 511, note.
Philip I., of France, his limited power, and
variance with Urban II., vi. 401, and
note.

Philip Augustus, of France, his conduct in

the third crusade, vi. 504. His perfidious
invasion of Normandy, 507.

Philip, duke of Burgundy, his banquet to
his nobles, at Lisle, vii. 338, and note.
Philip II., of Spain, compared with Leovi-
gild the Goth, iv. 151, note.
Philippa, daughter of Raymond, Latin
prince of Antioch, captivates Andronicus,
v. 350.

Philippicus, or Bardanes, declared emperor,
v. 298. Deposed, 299.
Philippopolis, built by Philip of Macedon;
taken by the Goths, i. 312.

Philips, Two, of Macedon, their policy, i.

28.

Philo Judæus combined the Mosaic faith

with Greek philosophy, ii, 394, and note.
Philopatris, the Dialogue, when written,
i. 44, and note. On the enthusiasm of
the Christians, and the doctrine of the
Trinity, ii. 93, note.
Philoponus, John, his alleged interview
with Amrou; his works, and the time
when he lived, vi. 64, and note.
Philosophers of Greece, their four schools,