i. 38. Strove to devise a theology more rational than polytheism, ii. 3, note. Were the first Gnostics, 17, note. Had created the two popular wants of the age, which Christianity satisfied, 27, note. Many Christians among them, 79, 81, and note. Some adhere to heathenism, 82. Under the name of sophists, en- deavour to restore paganism, ii. 513, and note. Their influence over the emperor Julian, 515. The last of them, iv. 356. Philostorgius, his credibility impugned, ii. 269, note; 404, note.
Philotheus, a Macedonian sectary, recom- mends toleration, iv. 77.
Phineus, the situation of his palace, ii. 177,
Phirouz. See Perozes.
Phirouz betrays Antioch, vi. 447.
Phocæa, Genoese colony, and manufacture of alum, vii. 195, and note. Ruined by the Turks, 196.
Phocæans, their empire of the sea, vii. 195.
Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by the disaffected troops, v. 163. Murders the emperor Maurice and his sons, 163. His fall and death, 168.
Phocas, Bardas, rebels against the emperor Basıl II., is defeated and slain, v. 329. Phocas. See Nicephorus.
Phoenicia, a Syrian province, taught Europe the use of letters, i. 30. Its navigation, ii. 310. Inscriptions in its language, 339, note.
Photius, the son of Belisarius, distinguishes himself at the siege of Naples, iv. 434. Is exiled, 435. Betrays his mother's vices to Belisarius, 436. Is persecuted by her and turns monk, 437.
The superstitious mind reconciled to them, 361. See Images and Painting. Pilate, Pontius, procurator of Judæa in the last ten years of Tiberius, ii. 103, note. Fable of his report to the emperor, 133, and note.
Photius, the patrician, kills himself to escape the persecution of Justinian, v.
Pilgrimage of Western Christians to Je- rusalem, ii. 532. Stimulated, rather than suppressed, by the conquest of the Arabs, vi. 389. Increase of zeal, and visit of the German bishops, 393. A pretext for the crusades, 398, and note. Of Arabians to the Caaba, v. 457. Con- tinued by Mahomet, 502, and note. Of Christians to the tombs of Peter and Paul, iii. 298, v. 139. Of Anglo-Saxon kings to Rome, 376, and note. Charlemagne, 402. Of Christians during the Jubilees, vii. 382.
Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, edu- cates Leo the Philosopher, v. 321. Is induced by the Cæsar Bardas to re- nounce a secular life, vi. 229. His "Library" and literary character, ib. Assumes the merit of having converted the Russians, 289. His appeal to Ni- cholas I., and subsequent history, 526. Phranza, George, the historian, attests the iron cage of Bajazet, vii. 183. Favourite of Manuel Palæologus, 220, note. His embassies, 285. His fate on the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, 325. Picardy, derivation of the name, vi. 396, note.
Pilpay's Fables, obtained from India for Nushirvan, iv. 468, and note. More cor- rect information respecting them, v. 141, note.
Picts' Wall, i. 5, note. Their inroads in Britain repulsed by Lupicinus, ii. 467. Men of the plain, their love of arms and rapine, iii. 107. Contend with Constans, 109. Molest Britain after the retire- ment of the Romans, iv. 213. Pictures, the use of them in churches cen- sured by the council of Illiberis, v. 360.
Pilum, the Roman javelin, described, i. 14. Pincian palace, at Rome, head-quarters of Belisarius, iv. 418, and note.
Pinna marina, a kind of silk spun by this fish, iv. 313.
Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, es-
poused by the emperor Gallienus, i. 327. Piraeus, the Gothic fleet attacked there by Dexippus, i. 333. Fleet collected there to support Constantine, 517.
Pisa conquers Amalphi, v. 117, note; vi. 320. Assists the first crusade by a fleet, 463. Also the third, 501. Shares the commerce of the western Mediterranean with Genoa, 539. Refuses to join the fourth crusade, 542. See Councils. Pisani, Venetian admiral, defeated by the Genoese Doria, vii. 113.
Piso, Calpurnius, the only noble among the Thirty Tyrants, i. 344.
Pissamene, mother of the empress Læta, i. 424, note.
Pityus, the utmost limit of the Roman provinces on the Euxine, taken by the Goths, i. 320. Chrysostom ordered to be banished there, iii. 508. Evacuated by the Romans, iv. 483, note.
Pius II., pope, establishes alum-works at Tolfa, vii. 195, note. See Eneas Sylvius. Pius III. and IV., popes, protect their alum-works by Bulls, vii. 195.
Placentia. See Battles and Councils. Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, her history and marriage with Adolphus king of the Goths, iii. 455. Is injuriously treated by the usurper Singeric, after the death of her husband, 470. Her marriage with Constantius, and retreat to Constantinople, 523. Her adminis- tration in the West as guardian of her son Valentinian III., 527. History of her daughter Honoria, iv. 12. Her death and burial, 37, nole.
Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III.,taken to Carthage by Genseric, iv. 48. Rau- somed, 72. Marries Olybrius, 91. Her posterity, 93.
Plague, its origin in the reign of Justinian, iv. 550, and note. Its extent, duration, and fearful mortality, 553. See Pesti- lence.
Plane-tree, or Platanus, a favourite of the ancients, iii. 451. Plato, his spiritual God, i. 38. Taught the pre-existence and immortality of the soul, ii. 24. His Republic probably sug- gested the Christian form of Church government, 54, note. More perfect than More's Utopia, 58, note. His theological system not derived from the Jews, 392, note. Was believed to have personified his Trinity, 393, note. His philosophy united with the Mosaic faith in the schools of Alexandria, 394. Attributes and character of his Logos, 395, and note. His writings admired and studied by the early Christians, 399. Recom- mended by the emperor Julian, 525, note. The study of them revived in Italy, vii. 254.
Platonists, New, their origin and illusions, i. 467, and notes. An extravagant por- tion of them endeavour to revive pagan- ism, ii. 146, and note. Are encouraged by the emperor Julian, 513, and note. Their failure, 514.
Plautianus, prætorian prefect under the emperor Severus, i. 159.
Plautilla, daughter of Plautianus, married to Caracalla, i. 159, and note. Plebeians of Rome, state and character of, iii. 416.
Pletho, George Gemistus, revived the Pla- tonic philosophy in Italy, vii. 254. Pre- dicted the restoration of paganism, 258. note.
Pliny, the elder, mentions the use of glass at Rome, iii. 405, note. His imperfect account of Northern Germany, 410, note. His villas at Comum, iv. 270, and note. His error respecting Meriaba. v. 441,
Pliny, the younger, his generosity to a son whom his father had disinherited, i. 211, note. The Christians of Bithynia brought before him, ii. 41. His correspondence with Trajan respecting them, 112. Plotina, the empress, obtains the adoption of Hadrian, i. 100.
Plotinus, the philosopher, accompanies Gordian's army in the Persian war, i. 242, note. Friendship of Gallienus for him, 340, and note. A zealous defender of paganism, 468.
Plumbata, darts loaded with lead, i. 453, note.
Plutarch, patronized by Hadrian, i. 76, note. His account of the divorce of Carvilius, v. 54, note.
Pococke, his knowledge of Oriental litera Poet-Laureate, an office in the English court, ture, vi. 8, note; 40, note. Poggius, a reviver of learning in Italy, which ought to be abolished, vii. 393, note. attests the iron-cage of Bajazet, vii. 282, and note. His dialogue, De Varietate Fortuna, describes and mourns over the ruins of Rome, 442, and note. Poitiers. See Battles. Pollentia. See Battles. Poland, the Sarmatians of the Lesser Poland, formed into a kingdom by Constantius, ii. 311. Occupied by Sclavonians, v. 410. Its dukes tributary to Otho, 415. Ra vaged by Octai, vii. 129. Its crown united with that of Hungary on the head Polemon, king of Pontus, iv. 482, and note. of Ladislaus, 270. Polybius, his account of the Roman legions, i. 15. Of Byzantium, ii. 176. Of the Roman treaty with Carthage, v. 8, note. Polycarp, a proof that Christianity was Of the kings of Pontus, vi. 240, note. adopted at an early period by men of talent, ii. 81, note. His Martyrdom, 115, Polyeuctes, his excessive zeal, ii. 128, note. note; 129, note. Polytheism, its flux and reflux with Theism,
according to Mr. Hume, iii. 304, note. See Paganism. Pomarium of Rome, iv. 413, note. Mis taken by Rienzi for an orchard, vii. 393,
Pompeianus, Claudius, refuses to witness the exhibitions of Commodus, i. 125. Pompeius Grosphus, the friend of Horace, i. 17, note.
Pompey, his absolute power in the East, i. 82, and note. Increased the tributes, 202, and note. His palace at Rome, usurped by M. Antony, possessed by the Gordians, 222, and note. His conquest of Mithridates, iv. 482. Founded Colonia, on the Lycus in Pontus, vi. 240, note. His theatre at Rome repaired by Theo- doric, iv. 267, 268, note. Its state in the time of Poggio, vii. 444.
Pompey, nephew of Anastasius, foments the circus-factions at Constantinople, iv. Pomponius Lætus, his enthusiasm and pos 307. Suffers death, 309. session of the pedestal of Claudian's statue, iii. 390, note. His persecution, vii. 258, note.
Pomponius Mela, his account of Mauritania, vi. 78, note.
Pomptine marshes, Cæsar projects a canal through them; they are drained by Tra- jan, iii. 434, note. Again under the auspices of Theodoric, iv. 271. Pontifex Maximus, the office assumed by. Augustus, i. 87. Held by all the emperors after his time, even by Constantine and his successors, ii. 461; iii. 210, note; 275. Its origin, 273, note.
Pontirolo, bridge over the Adda, where | Aureolus was defeated, i. 351, and note. Pontius, a deacon, companion and biographer of Cyprian, ii. 122, note. Pontus, the ancient kingdom, its situation, i. 29. Lucian, a native of it, describes it as filled with Epicureans and Christians, ii. 71. Given by Antony to Polemon, son of Zeno, iv. 482, note. Its ancient kings, vi. 240, note,
Porphyry. See Purple. Porphyry, his Life of Plotinus gives the best idea of the New Platonists, i. 467, note. The time when he wrote his Trea tise against the Christians, ii. 146, note. Porson, his letters to Travis, iv. 147, note. Porto, built at the northern entrance of the Tiber, iii. 433, note. Its present de- solate state, vii. 372, and note. Portorium, a Roman tax, or port-due, i. 207, note; 209, note. Portuguese, their proceedings in Asia, v. 260, and notes. In Abyssinia, 279, and notes.
Popes of Rome, growth of their_power_in the hands of Gregory I., v. 132. Ex- tended by rebellion against the Iconoclast emperors, 372. The sovereignty of the Greek emperors extinguished. 380. The authority of the popes established, 381. Mutual obligations between them and the Carlovingians, 386. Donation of the Exarchate by Pepin, 391. The perfor- mance of it eluded by Charlemagne, 392. Forgery of Constantine's donation, 393. The false title still sanctifies their reign, 395. Their separation from the Greek empire confirmed by Charlemagne, 400. Authority of the German emperors in their election, 418. Degradation of the papacy, 420. Designs of Gregory VII., for its exaltation, 421. Originated the crusades for the purpose of extending their power, vi. 308, note. Proofs of this, 511, note. Their object attained, vii. 39, note. Their corruption and avarice, 223, and note. Hostility to the diffusion of knowledge, 258, and note. Their au- thority in Rome, 344. Seditions against them, 348. Their mode of election regu lated, 374. Absence from Rome, 378. Remove to Avignon, 380. Institute the Jubilee, 382. Return to Rome, 421. Great schism of the West, 422. Three rival popes, 428. Termination of the schism, 429. They acquire the absolute dominion of Rome, 436. Nature of their temporal kingdom, 438. Their motive for patronizing the fine arts, 470, note. Poppaa prevails with Nero in favour of the Jews, ii. 107.
Posides, a freedman and eunuch of Clau- dius; his wealth, ii. 292, note. Posthumus, or Postumus, protects Gaul, i. 323. One of the Thirty Tyrants, 343. Praised by Claudius II., 357. Killed by his soldiers, 369.
Population of ancient Rome, iii. 421. Of Constantinople, vi. 553, note. Of Rome at different periods, vii. 457, note. modern times, 469, note. Porcaro, his attempt to imitate Rienzi, vii.
Posts, and post-stations of the Roman em- pire, i. 68. The Cursus Angarialis, or Clabularis, for the quick conveyance of intelligence, ii. 468, note. Dromones, or naves cursoriæ, used for the same pur- pose on inland waters, vii. 214, note. Power, absolute. See Despotism. Prefect. See Prefect.
Porphyrians, a name given by Constantine's law to the Arians, ii. 418.
Prajecta, niece of Justinian, iv. 516. Præpositus, a great chamberlain of Con- stantine, ii. 223.
Prætextatus petitions for the Eleusinian mysteries, iii. 84. Reproves Damasus, and restores tranquillity in Rome, 92. His dignities, ib., note. Prætorian Guards, their first purpose, i. 20. Instituted by Augustus, 135. Perceived their own strength, 136. Murdered Perti nax, 134. Sold the empire by public auc- tion, 138. Deserted Didius Julianus, 147. Dismissed and banished by Severus, 148, Their restoration by him, 158. Elaga- balus massacred by them, 188. Murder of Ulpian, 196. Their discontent, 238. Maximus and Balbinus killed by them, 240. Their numbers reduced and privi- leges abolished by Diocletian, 453. Fi nally abolished, and their camp destroyed by Constantine, 502. See Prefect. Prators of Rome, their number and office, ii. 208. Their Edicts, v. 15, and note. Pragmatic Sanction promulgated by Jus-
Porphyrio, the name of a whale, which infested the seas of Constantinople, v. 337. Porphyrius Optatianus, a poet in the time of Constantine, ii. 252, and note. Porphyrogenitus, Commodus, the first em- peror entitled to be so called, i. 113, note. its meaning, v. 322. The peculiar sur- name of Constantine, son of Leo, the philosopher, ib. Defined by Claudian, vi. 181, note.
tinian for the settlement of Italy, iv. 535. Praxagoras wrote a Life of Constantine which is lost, i. 493, note.
Praxeas, his heresy explained by Mosheim ii. 403, note.
Praxitiles, one of the horses of Monte Cavallo, said to be his work, iv. 262 note; vii. 445, 466. Some of his statues de- stroyed in defending Rome against the Goths, iv. 412, and note.
Preaching, a new part of devotion, intro- duced into Christian churches, ii. 332. Imitated from the lectures of the schools, 383, note.
Precedency, regulated by the laws of the emperors, ii. 199. That of Valentinian confirmed by Gratian, 200, note. Regu- lated in the Eastern empire, vi. 199. Predestination, a Mahometan doctrine, v. 470, 494.
Prefect, Prætorian, his office created by Severus, i. 159. His duties and powers, ib. Changes made by Diocletian and • Constantine, ii. 205. Succeeded by the count of the domestics, 229. The office continued in Italy by Theodoric, iv. 264. Altered in the East by Justinian, 321, note. Its insensible decline afterwards, vi. 200.
Prefects of Rome and Constantinople, ii. 207. Of Egypt, i. 32. Retained the name of Augustal, and their extraordi- nary powers, ii. 210.
Prerogative, imperial, its limits not easily defined, i. 87. Extended by new maxims in the time of Severus, 161. Made de- spotic by Diocletian, 455.
Presbyters, among the primitive Christians, their office, ii. 51. See Seniors. Presents, diplomatic, of the Roman Re- public, i. 317, and note. Of the Byzan- tine court to Attila, iii. 568. To his officers, 570. Of Theodoric to other kings, iv. 258. Of Harun-al-Rashid to Charlemagne, v. 412. Of Otho to Nice- phorus, vi. 204. Of the sultan of Egypt to Timour, vii. 185. Bridal, of Adolphus to Placidia, iii. 456. Of Timour to the brides of hs grandsons, wii. 187. Presidius, despoiled by Constantine, the commander of Spoleto, iv. 423. Prester John, stories concerning him, v. 260. Khan of the Keraites, vii. 117, and note.
Priestley, Dr., the tendency of his opinions, vi. 255, note.
Priests, no distinct order of men among the ancient pagans, ii. 67, 367. Primogeniture, the prerogative of, unknown to the Roman law, v. 66.
Prince of the Senate (Princeps Senatus), title of Augustus, i. 80, and note. Held by Tacitus, 389, note.
Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, iv. 465, note.
Printing, the art of, almost invented in the Codex Argenteus, iv. 131, note. Our se- curity against a relapse into barbarism, 243, note. Early known to the Chinese, 319. Its invention in Europe, v 40, and note. Its improvement and results, vii. 257, and note.
Prisca, wife of Diocletian, banished by Maximin, i. 506. Put to death by Lici- nius, 507. Had been converted to Chris- tianity, ii. 142.
Priscian, one of the seven philosophers, who went to Persia, iv. 355. Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, put to death for heresy, iii. 233.
Priscus, an engineer who defended Byzan tium against Severus, i. 154, and note. Priscus, Thrasea, put to death by Caracalla, i. 171.
Priscus, Helvidius, his patriotism and fate, i. 171, note.
Priscus, brother of the emperor Philip, revolts against Decius, i. 313. Priscus, one of the Neo-Platonist sophists, persecuted by the Christian ministers, ii. 528, note. With Julian in Persia, iii. 42.
Priscus, a general under Maurice, victorious against the Avars, v. 159. Marries the daughter of the emperor Phocas, 166, and note. (Called Crispus by many.) See Crispus.
Priscus, the historian, accompanied the embassy to Attila, iii. 551, note. His description of the Huns, 564. A native of Panium, in Thrace, 549, note. Priulf, the Goth, slain by Fravitta, iii. 208. Proba, widow of the prefect Petronius Pro-
bus, her friendship with Jerome, iii. 132. Her flight from the sack of Rome, 445. Probole, or Prolatio, a material idea of di- vine generation, ii. 402, note. Probus, the bravest of Aurelian's generals, i. 375. Conquers Egypt, 377. Defeats Florianus, and obtains the empire, 395. Success of his arms, 398. Constructs a wall from the Rhine to the Danube, 402. Plants colonies of Barbarians, and intro- duces them into his army, 403. Over- comes rebellions, 405. Celebrates his triumph at Rome, 406. His discipline, 407. Is murdered, 408. Probus, Petronius, prætorian prefect of Illy. ricum, preserves Sirmium from the Quadi, iii. 131. Husband of Jerome's friend, Proba, 132, and note.
Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from Diocle- tian to Narses, i. 446.
Probus, head of the Anicii, in the time of Gratian, iii. 401, and note.
Procession of the Holy Ghost, added to the Nicene Creed by the council of Toledo. iv. 152, and note. Subject of dispute between the Latin and Greek Churches, vi. 524.
Processions, solemn, of Elagabalus, i. 184, Triumphal, of Aurelian, 380. Of Diocle tian, 450. Of Constantine, at the foun- dation of his new city, ii. 185. At its dedication, 196. Of Constantius at Rome, 308. Of Honorius at Rome, iii. 357. Of Theodoric at Rome, iv. 267. Of Beli- sarius at Constantinople, 385. Of Hera- clius at Constantinople, v. 195. Of the Eastern emperors, vi. 205. Of the trades of Samarcand before Timour, vii. 187. Of Mahomet II. at Constantinople, 328. Proci da. See John.
Proclus, story of his brazen mirror, iv. 329. Proclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens, his superstition, iv. 35.
Proclus, quæstor of Justin I., and friend of Justinian, iv. 287, and note. Prevents the adoption of Nushirvan, 462. Proconnesus, an island of the Propontis, ii. 180. Its marble quarries, 187, Part of the crown lands in the division of the empire, vii. 4, note. Proconsuls of the senate, their honourable Of Asia, character, i. 84, and note. Achaia, and Africa, their office, ii. 209. Duties of the office described by Ulpian, 210, note.
Procopia, wife of Michael I., v. 308. Procopius, a kinsman of Julian, serves in the Persian war, iii. 13. Conducts his funeral, 55. Escapes from the soldiers sent to seize him, 70. Revolts, 71. Is defeated and beheaded, 74. Procopius, a father-in-law of the emperor Valens, one of the judges of Timasius, iii. 488. See also Petronius.
Procopius, father of the emperor Anthe- mius, iv. 75.
Procopius, the historian, his account of Jezdegerd's guardianship of Theodosius II., iii. 570. His account of the Franks, iv. 180, 181, notes. Of Britain, 230, and notes. Character of his works, 290, and notes. Becomes secretary to Belisarius, 363. His vindication of the soldiers of his own time, 366. Fables respecting the Massagetæ, ib., note. His account of the death of Amalasontha, 398, note. His proceedings during the siege of Rome, 419. His fables respecting the Heruli and Thule, 424, note. Mentions the Goths and Huns as neighbours, 448, note. The cruelties of Barbarian warfare magnified by him, 450, note. His account of the troubles of Africa, 497, note. Es- cape from Carthage, 498. Describes the desolation of Africa, 501, and note. The great plague, 551. His opinion of reli- gious controversy, v. 243, and note. Proculians, the Roman law sect, v. 30. Proculus, his character, and rebellion against Probus in Gaul, i. 406.
Proculus, son of Tatian, betrayed by the artifices of Rufinus and murdered, iii. 310.
tinguished, 64, and note. Inherited by succession, 65. Disposed of by will, 68. Prophecy, most relied on by the early Christians, to prove the divine origin of their faith, ii. 83, and note. Assailed by Julian's most powerful arguments, 560,
Prophets, or teachers of the primitive Church, ii. 50.
Propontis, or Sea of Marmora, traversed by the Goths, i. 333. Its extent and islands, ii. 180. Store of fish, 183. The southern side of Constantinople extends along its shore, 186. Its coasts plundered by the Saracens, vi. 115. Traversed by the fleet of the fourth crusade, 548. By the Catalans, vii. 77.
Prostitutes licensed by a tax, ii. 242, and note.
Protectors, two select companies of guards, ii. 229.
Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his vio- lent death, v. 235, and note. Protestants, their resistance of oppression, not consistent with the practice of the primitive Christians, ii. 346. Proportion of their number to that of the Catholics, in France, at the beginning of the last century, 348, note. Their zeal supposed to have aggravated the sack of Rome by the army of Charles V., iii. 448, and note. Estimate of their reformation of popery, vi. 250, and note.
Protosebastos, title in the Greek empire, vi. 200.
Protospathaire, commander of the Byzan- tine guards, vi. 202.
Protostrator, master of the horse to the Greek emperor, vi. 202.
Protovestiare, keeper of the wardrobe; his jurisdiction extended, vi. 201. Proverbs, the book of, displays a large com- pass of thought, iv. 386. Provinces, of the Roman empire described, i. 24. Their government, 44. Latin and Greek, 46. Divided between the em- peror and the Senate, 84. Their tributes, 203, and note. Their number and go- vernment in the time of Constantine, ii. 210. Regulation for the appointment and conduct of their governors, 211.
Prodigies in ancient history, a philosophical prudentius, his account of the abolition of
Professors, their salaries, i. 75, and note; 467, note; iv. 353.
Profuturus, lieutenant of Valens in the Gothic war, iii. 177. Promises, under what circumstances the Roman law enforced the fulfilment of, v. 72.
Promotus, master-general of the infantry under Theodosius, ruined by Rufinus, iii. 310.
Property of Roman citizens first subjected to a general tribute, i. 201. Relieved from it, 202. Personal, its original right, V. 62. Two kinds in Rome, how dis-
paganism by the Senate, iii. 279, and note.
Prusa plundered by the Goths, i. 331. See Boursa.
Prussia, supposed emigration of the Goths, i. 306. Its conquest by the Teutonic knights, ib., note
Prussians said to have invaded Britain,
Prypec, a river, supposed to be a branch of the Borysthenes, i. 309. Psalmody. See Flavianus. Psephina, the old tower, now the citadel of Jerusalem, vi. 459, note. 202
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