The superstitious mind reconciled to
them, 361. See Images and Painting.
Pilate, Pontius, procurator of Judæa in the
last ten years of Tiberius, ii. 103, note.
Fable of his report to the emperor, 133,
and note.

Photius, the patrician, kills himself to
escape the persecution of Justinian, v.

Pilgrimage of Western Christians to Je-
rusalem, ii. 532. Stimulated, rather
than suppressed, by the conquest of the
Arabs, vi. 389. Increase of zeal, and
visit of the German bishops, 393. A
pretext for the crusades, 398, and note.
Of Arabians to the Caaba, v. 457. Con-
tinued by Mahomet, 502, and note. Of
Christians to the tombs of Peter and
Paul, iii. 298, v. 139. Of Anglo-Saxon
kings to Rome, 376, and note.
Charlemagne, 402. Of Christians during
the Jubilees, vii. 382.

Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, edu-
cates Leo the Philosopher, v. 321. Is
induced by the Cæsar Bardas to re-
nounce a secular life, vi. 229. His
"Library" and literary character, ib.
Assumes the merit of having converted
the Russians, 289. His appeal to Ni-
cholas I., and subsequent history, 526.
Phranza, George, the historian, attests the
iron cage of Bajazet, vii. 183. Favourite
of Manuel Palæologus, 220, note. His
embassies, 285. His fate on the taking
of Constantinople by the Turks, 325.
Picardy, derivation of the name, vi. 396,
note.

Picts' Wall, i. 5, note. Their inroads in
Britain repulsed by Lupicinus, ii. 467.
Men of the plain, their love of arms and
rapine, iii. 107. Contend with Constans,
109. Molest Britain after the retire-
ment of the Romans, iv. 213.
Pictures, the use of them in churches cen-
sured by the council of Illiberis, v. 360.

INDEX.

Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III.,taken
to Carthage by Genseric, iv. 48. Rau-
somed, 72. Marries Olybrius, 91. Her
posterity, 93.

Plague, its origin in the reign of Justinian,
iv. 550, and note. Its extent, duration,
and fearful mortality, 553. See Pesti-
lence.

Plane-tree, or Platanus, a favourite of the
ancients, iii. 451.
Plato, his spiritual God, i. 38. Taught the
pre-existence and immortality of the
soul, ii. 24. His Republic probably sug-
gested the Christian form of Church
government, 54, note. More perfect than
More's Utopia, 58, note. His theological
system not derived from the Jews, 392,
note. Was believed to have personified
his Trinity, 393, note. His philosophy
united with the Mosaic faith in the
schools of Alexandria, 394. Attributes
and character of his Logos, 395, and
note. His writings admired and studied
by the early Christians, 399. Recom-
mended by the emperor Julian, 525,
note. The study of them revived in
Italy, vii. 254.

Platonists, New, their origin and illusions,
i. 467, and notes. An extravagant por-
tion of them endeavour to revive pagan-
ism, ii. 146, and note. Are encouraged
by the emperor Julian, 513, and note.
Their failure, 514.

Plautianus, prætorian prefect under the
emperor Severus, i. 159.

Plautilla, daughter of Plautianus, married
to Caracalla, i. 159, and note.
Plebeians of Rome, state and character of,
iii. 416.

Pletho, George Gemistus, revived the Pla-
tonic philosophy in Italy, vii. 254. Pre-
dicted the restoration of paganism, 258.
note.

Pliny, the elder, mentions the use of glass
at Rome, iii. 405, note. His imperfect
account of Northern Germany, 410, note.
His villas at Comum, iv. 270, and note.
His error respecting Meriaba. v. 441,

note.

Pliny, the younger, his generosity to a son
whom his father had disinherited, i. 211,
note. The Christians of Bithynia brought
before him, ii. 41. His correspondence
with Trajan respecting them, 112.
Plotina, the empress, obtains the adoption
of Hadrian, i. 100.

Plotinus, the philosopher, accompanies
Gordian's army in the Persian war, i.
242, note. Friendship of Gallienus for
him, 340, and note. A zealous defender
of paganism, 468.

Plumbata, darts loaded with lead, i. 453,
note.

Plutarch, patronized by Hadrian, i. 76, note.
His account of the divorce of Carvilius,
v. 54, note.

Pococke, his knowledge of Oriental litera
Poet-Laureate, an office in the English court,
ture, vi. 8, note; 40, note.
Poggius, a reviver of learning in Italy,
which ought to be abolished, vii. 393, note.
attests the iron-cage of Bajazet, vii. 282,
and note. His dialogue, De Varietate
Fortuna, describes and mourns over the
ruins of Rome, 442, and note.
Poitiers. See Battles.
Pollentia. See Battles.
Poland, the Sarmatians of the Lesser Poland,
formed into a kingdom by Constantius,
ii. 311. Occupied by Sclavonians, v. 410.
Its dukes tributary to Otho, 415. Ra
vaged by Octai, vii. 129. Its crown
united with that of Hungary on the head
Polemon, king of Pontus, iv. 482, and note.
of Ladislaus, 270.
Polybius, his account of the Roman legions,
i. 15. Of Byzantium, ii. 176. Of the
Roman treaty with Carthage, v. 8, note.
Polycarp, a proof that Christianity was
Of the kings of Pontus, vi. 240, note.
adopted at an early period by men of
talent, ii. 81, note. His Martyrdom, 115,
Polyeuctes, his excessive zeal, ii. 128, note.
note; 129, note.
Polytheism, its flux and reflux with Theism,

according to Mr. Hume, iii. 304, note.
See Paganism.
Pomarium of Rome, iv. 413, note. Mis
taken by Rienzi for an orchard, vii. 393,

note.

Pompeianus, Claudius, refuses to witness
the exhibitions of Commodus, i. 125.
Pompeius Grosphus, the friend of Horace,
i. 17, note.

Pompey, his absolute power in the East, i.
82, and note. Increased the tributes,
202, and note. His palace at Rome,
usurped by M. Antony, possessed by the
Gordians, 222, and note. His conquest
of Mithridates, iv. 482. Founded Colonia,
on the Lycus in Pontus, vi. 240, note.
His theatre at Rome repaired by Theo-
doric, iv. 267, 268, note. Its state in the
time of Poggio, vii. 444.

Pompey, nephew of Anastasius, foments
the circus-factions at Constantinople, iv.
Pomponius Lætus, his enthusiasm and pos
307. Suffers death, 309.
session of the pedestal of Claudian's
statue, iii. 390, note. His persecution,
vii. 258, note.

Pomponius Mela, his account of Mauritania,
vi. 78, note.

Pomptine marshes, Cæsar projects a canal
through them; they are drained by Tra-
jan, iii. 434, note. Again under the
auspices of Theodoric, iv. 271.
Pontifex Maximus, the office assumed by.
Augustus, i. 87. Held by all the emperors
after his time, even by Constantine and
his successors, ii. 461; iii. 210, note; 275.
Its origin, 273, note.

Porphyry. See Purple.
Porphyry, his Life of Plotinus gives the
best idea of the New Platonists, i. 467,
note. The time when he wrote his Trea
tise against the Christians, ii. 146, note.
Porson, his letters to Travis, iv. 147, note.
Porto, built at the northern entrance of
the Tiber, iii. 433, note. Its present de-
solate state, vii. 372, and note.
Portorium, a Roman tax, or port-due, i.
207, note; 209, note.
Portuguese, their proceedings in Asia, v.
260, and notes. In Abyssinia, 279, and
notes.

Posides, a freedman and eunuch of Clau-
dius; his wealth, ii. 292, note.
Posthumus, or Postumus, protects Gaul, i.
323. One of the Thirty Tyrants, 343.
Praised by Claudius II., 357. Killed by
his soldiers, 369.

In

Population of ancient Rome, iii. 421. Of
Constantinople, vi. 553, note. Of Rome
at different periods, vii. 457, note.
modern times, 469, note.
Porcaro, his attempt to imitate Rienzi, vii.

Porphyrians, a name given by Constantine's
law to the Arians, ii. 418.

Porphyrio, the name of a whale, which
infested the seas of Constantinople, v. 337.
Porphyrius Optatianus, a poet in the time
of Constantine, ii. 252, and note.
Porphyrogenitus, Commodus, the first em-
peror entitled to be so called, i. 113, note.
its meaning, v. 322. The peculiar sur-
name of Constantine, son of Leo, the
philosopher, ib. Defined by Claudian,
vi. 181, note.

Precedency, regulated by the laws of the
emperors, ii. 199. That of Valentinian
confirmed by Gratian, 200, note. Regu-
lated in the Eastern empire, vi. 199.
Predestination, a Mahometan doctrine, v.
470, 494.

Prefect, Prætorian, his office created by
Severus, i. 159. His duties and powers,
ib. Changes made by Diocletian and
• Constantine, ii. 205. Succeeded by the
count of the domestics, 229. The office
continued in Italy by Theodoric, iv. 264.
Altered in the East by Justinian, 321,
note. Its insensible decline afterwards,
vi. 200.

Prefects of Rome and Constantinople, ii.
207. Of Egypt, i. 32. Retained the
name of Augustal, and their extraordi-
nary powers, ii. 210.

Prerogative, imperial, its limits not easily
defined, i. 87. Extended by new maxims
in the time of Severus, 161. Made de-
spotic by Diocletian, 455.

Presbyters, among the primitive Christians,
their office, ii. 51. See Seniors.
Presents, diplomatic, of the Roman Re-
public, i. 317, and note. Of the Byzan-
tine court to Attila, iii. 568. To his
officers, 570. Of Theodoric to other
kings, iv. 258. Of Harun-al-Rashid to
Charlemagne, v. 412. Of Otho to Nice-
phorus, vi. 204. Of the sultan of Egypt
to Timour, vii. 185. Bridal, of Adolphus
to Placidia, iii. 456. Of Timour to the
brides of hs grandsons, wii. 187.
Presidius, despoiled by Constantine, the
commander of Spoleto, iv. 423.
Prester John, stories concerning him, v.
260. Khan of the Keraites, vii. 117, and
note.

Priestley, Dr., the tendency of his opinions,
vi. 255, note.

Priests, no distinct order of men among
the ancient pagans, ii. 67, 367.
Primogeniture, the prerogative of, unknown
to the Roman law, v. 66.

Prince of the Senate (Princeps Senatus),
title of Augustus, i. 80, and note. Held
by Tacitus, 389, note.

Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office,
iv. 465, note.

Printing, the art of, almost invented in the
Codex Argenteus, iv. 131, note. Our se-
curity against a relapse into barbarism,
243, note. Early known to the Chinese,
319. Its invention in Europe, v 40, and
note. Its improvement and results, vii.
257, and note.

Prisca, wife of Diocletian, banished by
Maximin, i. 506. Put to death by Lici-
nius, 507. Had been converted to Chris-
tianity, ii. 142.

Priscian, one of the seven philosophers,
who went to Persia, iv. 355.
Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, put to
death for heresy, iii. 233.

Priscus, an engineer who defended Byzan
tium against Severus, i. 154, and note.
Priscus, Thrasea, put to death by Caracalla,
i. 171.

Priscus, Helvidius, his patriotism and fate,
i. 171, note.

Priscus, brother of the emperor Philip,
revolts against Decius, i. 313.
Priscus, one of the Neo-Platonist sophists,
persecuted by the Christian ministers,
ii. 528, note. With Julian in Persia,
iii. 42.

Priscus, a general under Maurice, victorious
against the Avars, v. 159. Marries the
daughter of the emperor Phocas, 166,
and note. (Called Crispus by many.)
See Crispus.

Priscus, the historian, accompanied the
embassy to Attila, iii. 551, note. His
description of the Huns, 564. A native
of Panium, in Thrace, 549, note.
Priulf, the Goth, slain by Fravitta, iii. 208.
Proba, widow of the prefect Petronius Pro-

bus, her friendship with Jerome, iii. 132.
Her flight from the sack of Rome, 445.
Probole, or Prolatio, a material idea of di-
vine generation, ii. 402, note.
Probus, the bravest of Aurelian's generals,
i. 375. Conquers Egypt, 377. Defeats
Florianus, and obtains the empire, 395.
Success of his arms, 398. Constructs a
wall from the Rhine to the Danube, 402.
Plants colonies of Barbarians, and intro-
duces them into his army, 403. Over-
comes rebellions, 405. Celebrates his
triumph at Rome, 406. His discipline,
407. Is murdered, 408.
Probus, Petronius, prætorian prefect of Illy.
ricum, preserves Sirmium from the Quadi,
iii. 131. Husband of Jerome's friend,
Proba, 132, and note.

Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from Diocle-
tian to Narses, i. 446.

Probus, head of the Anicii, in the time of
Gratian, iii. 401, and note.

Procession of the Holy Ghost, added to the
Nicene Creed by the council of Toledo.
iv. 152, and note. Subject of dispute
between the Latin and Greek Churches,
vi. 524.

Processions, solemn, of Elagabalus, i. 184,
Triumphal, of Aurelian, 380. Of Diocle
tian, 450. Of Constantine, at the foun-
dation of his new city, ii. 185. At its
dedication, 196. Of Constantius at Rome,
308. Of Honorius at Rome, iii. 357.
Of Theodoric at Rome, iv. 267. Of Beli-
sarius at Constantinople, 385. Of Hera-
clius at Constantinople, v. 195. Of the
Eastern emperors, vi. 205. Of the trades
of Samarcand before Timour, vii. 187. Of
Mahomet II. at Constantinople, 328.
Proci da. See John.

Proclus, story of his brazen mirror, iv. 329.
Proclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens,
his superstition, iv. 35.

INDEX.

Proclus, quæstor of Justin I., and friend
of Justinian, iv. 287, and note. Prevents
the adoption of Nushirvan, 462.
Proconnesus, an island of the Propontis,
ii. 180. Its marble quarries, 187, Part
of the crown lands in the division of the
empire, vii. 4, note.
Proconsuls of the senate, their honourable
Of Asia,
character, i. 84, and note.
Achaia, and Africa, their office, ii. 209.
Duties of the office described by Ulpian,
210, note.

Procopia, wife of Michael I., v. 308.
Procopius, a kinsman of Julian, serves in
the Persian war, iii. 13. Conducts his
funeral, 55. Escapes from the soldiers
sent to seize him, 70. Revolts, 71. Is
defeated and beheaded, 74.
Procopius, a father-in-law of the emperor
Valens, one of the judges of Timasius,
iii. 488. See also Petronius.

Procopius, father of the emperor Anthe-
mius, iv. 75.

Procopius, the historian, his account of
Jezdegerd's guardianship of Theodosius
II., iii. 570. His account of the Franks,
iv. 180, 181, notes. Of Britain, 230, and
notes. Character of his works, 290, and
notes. Becomes secretary to Belisarius,
363. His vindication of the soldiers of
his own time, 366. Fables respecting
the Massagetæ, ib., note. His account
of the death of Amalasontha, 398, note.
His proceedings during the siege of
Rome, 419. His fables respecting the
Heruli and Thule, 424, note. Mentions
the Goths and Huns as neighbours, 448,
note. The cruelties of Barbarian warfare
magnified by him, 450, note. His account
of the troubles of Africa, 497, note. Es-
cape from Carthage, 498. Describes the
desolation of Africa, 501, and note. The
great plague, 551. His opinion of reli-
gious controversy, v. 243, and note.
Proculians, the Roman law sect, v. 30.
Proculus, his character, and rebellion
against Probus in Gaul, i. 406.

Proculus, son of Tatian, betrayed by the
artifices of Rufinus and murdered, iii.
310.

563

tinguished, 64, and note. Inherited by
succession, 65. Disposed of by will, 68.
Prophecy, most relied on by the early
Christians, to prove the divine origin of
their faith, ii. 83, and note. Assailed by
Julian's most powerful arguments, 560,

note.

Prophets, or teachers of the primitive
Church, ii. 50.

Propontis, or Sea of Marmora, traversed by
the Goths, i. 333. Its extent and islands,
ii. 180. Store of fish, 183. The southern
side of Constantinople extends along its
shore, 186. Its coasts plundered by
the Saracens, vi. 115. Traversed by the
fleet of the fourth crusade, 548. By the
Catalans, vii. 77.

Prostitutes licensed by a tax, ii. 242, and
note.

Protectors, two select companies of guards,
ii. 229.

Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his vio-
lent death, v. 235, and note.
Protestants, their resistance of oppression,
not consistent with the practice of the
primitive Christians, ii. 346. Proportion
of their number to that of the Catholics,
in France, at the beginning of the last
century, 348, note. Their zeal supposed
to have aggravated the sack of Rome by
the army of Charles V., iii. 448, and note.
Estimate of their reformation of popery,
vi. 250, and note.

Protosebastos, title in the Greek empire, vi.
200.

Protospathaire, commander of the Byzan-
tine guards, vi. 202.

Protostrator, master of the horse to the
Greek emperor, vi. 202.

Protovestiare, keeper of the wardrobe; his
jurisdiction extended, vi. 201.
Proverbs, the book of, displays a large com-
pass of thought, iv. 386.
Provinces, of the Roman empire described,
i. 24. Their government, 44. Latin and
Greek, 46. Divided between the em-
peror and the Senate, 84. Their tributes,
203, and note. Their number and go-
vernment in the time of Constantine, ii.
210. Regulation for the appointment
and conduct of their governors, 211.

Prodigies in ancient history, a philosophical prudentius, his account of the abolition of

solution of, ii. 355.

Professors, their salaries, i. 75, and note;
467, note; iv. 353.

Profuturus, lieutenant of Valens in the
Gothic war, iii. 177.
Promises, under what circumstances the
Roman law enforced the fulfilment of, v.
72.

Promotus, master-general of the infantry
under Theodosius, ruined by Rufinus, iii.
310.

Property of Roman citizens first subjected
to a general tribute, i. 201. Relieved
from it, 202. Personal, its original right,
V. 62. Two kinds in Rome, how dis-

paganism by the Senate, iii. 279, and
note.

Prusa plundered by the Goths, i. 331. See
Boursa.

Prussia, supposed emigration of the Goths,
i. 306. Its conquest by the Teutonic
knights, ib., note

Prussians said to have invaded Britain,

iii. 215.

Prypec, a river, supposed to be a branch of
the Borysthenes, i. 309.
Psalmody. See Flavianus.
Psephina, the old tower, now the citadel of
Jerusalem, vi. 459, note.
202