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Ptolemais, See Acre.
Ptolemies, their colony of Jews at Cyrene,
i. 32, note; 53, note. Their patronage of
learning, and translation of the Hebrew
Scriptures into Greek, ii 3, note. Their
colony of Jews at Alexandria, 393. In-
troduce the worship of Serapis, and
found a library in his temple, iii. 286,
and note. Their intercourse with Rome,
v. 9, note.

Ptolemy, a Roman senator, leads the peo-
ple against Otho III., v. 424.
Pudentius, an African, abandons Gelimer,
iv. 362.

Pugione, Prefect à, Cleander's office, i. 121,

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and note.

Pullani, descendants of the crusaders in
Palestine, vi. 463, note.
Punishments, under the Roman law, v. 77.
Capital, for nine crimes, 78. Abolished,
81. Revived, 83. Rigorously inflicted
by the Christian emperors, 87. Penalty
of death abolished by John Comnenus,
v. 342.

Punjab, rivers of the, i. 35, note; vii. 169,
and note.

Pupienus, or Papienus. See Maximus.
Purim, the Jewish festival, ii. 90, note.
Purple, Homer's description of death by
that colour, applied by Julian to his own
situation and fears, ii. 306, and note.
The royal, or imperial, colour of the
ancients, iv. 311. Porphyry, the same
word in Greek, lined the apartment in
which the princes were born at Constan-
tinople, v. 322. Purple chamber of the
emperor Theophilus, vi. 197.
Purpurius, his vehemence against Cæcilian,
ii. 384, note.

Pyrrhic, or martial, dance of the Romans,
i. 13.

Pyrrhus, spread the fame of Roman valour
in Greece, v. 9, note.

Pythagoras, state of Magna Græcia in his
age, vi. 298.

Pytheas, his navigation, i. 306, note.
Pythian games, restored by Julian, at
Delphi, ii. 499.

Q.

Quadi, their invasion repelled by M. An-
toninus, i. 297. Their inroads punished
by Constantius, ii. 310. Revenge the

murder of Gabinius, iii. 131. Implore
the clemency of Valentinian, 133.
Quadratus, delivered the first copies of the
Gospels to the Churches, ii. 18, note.
Quarini, Nicholas, obtains the holy crown
of thorns. vii. 29.

Quartodecimans. See Andians.
Questor, history of this office, ii. 224.
Question, criminal, how exercised under
the Roman emperors, ii. 230.
Quindecemvirs, keepers of the Sibylline
books, iii. 273.

Quintianus, bishop of Rodez, iv. 174.
Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condia-
nus, their history, i. 116.

Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius,
his ineffectual effort to succeed him, i. 359.
Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the
age in which he wrote, i. 240, note.
Quirites, the effect of that word when given
to soldiers, i. 198, note.

R

Racca, Harun al Rashid's favourite palace
at Nicephorium, vi. 153. Togrul Beg's
visit and inauguration, 369.
Radagaisus, or Radagast, invades Italy, iii.
364. Besieges Florence, 368. Is de-
feated and beheaded, 370.
Radagast, a deity of the Obotrites, iii. 364,
note.

Radiger, a supposed king of the Varni,
compelled to marry a fabulous princess
of the Angles, iv. 230.

Raga, or Rei, its history and remains, v.
143, note. One of Togrul Beg's resi
dences, vi. 368.

Rahdi, caliph of Bagdad, vi. 173.
Rainulf, the first leader of the Normans
in Italy, vi. 304, note; 305.
Ramadan, the month observed as a fast by
the Mahometans, v. 479.
Ramusio (or Rhamnusus) Paolo, his history
of the Latin war against Constantinople,
vi. 573, note.

Rando, a chieftain of the Allemanni attacks
Moguntiacum, iii. 96.

Rasaphe, a Syrian town, receives the name
of Sergiopolis, v. 152, note.
Rationals, or Procurators, supplied the
place of Quaestors, in the imperial pro-
vinces, ii. 225, note.

Rationarium Imperii, i. 202, note.
Ravenna, a station for the Roman fleets,
i. 23. Besieged by Maximian, 480. Its
early history, iii. 359. Construction of its
harbour and fortifications by Augustus,
360. Made by Honorius the seat of the
Western empire, 361. Paul, brother of
Orestes, defeated and slain there, iv. 96.
Odoacer takes refuge there, 252. Be-
sieged by Theodoric, 253. He makes it
his residence, and cultivates an orchard
there, 269. The Goths retire within its
walls, 422. Surrendered to Belisarius,

430. Its Exarchate established by Nar-
ses, 534. Its districts, v. 116. Attacked by
a fleet of the Eastern empire, 378. Taken
by the Lombards; from them by the
Venetians; and again by the Lombards,
383. Given by Pepin to the popes, 391.
Raymond of Toulouse, the crusader, his
character, vi. 422. His route to Constan-
tinople, 428. His bold behaviour there,
434. His conduct at Antioch, 451. At
Jerusalem, 459. His death, 460, note.
Raymond, count of Tripoli, accused of
treachery, vi. 496. His conduct at Tibe-
rias, 497, and note.

Raynal, Abbé, his mistakes, ii. 365, note.
Razis, an eminent physician of Arabia, vi.
149.

Rebels, the most inveterate, are a persecuted
sect, vi. 242.

Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain,
converts his Gothic subjects, iv. 151.
Rechiarius, king of the Suevi, in Spain,
iv. 55.

Red Sea, decay of its trade, iv. 316. Threat
of the Copts to turn the waters of the
Nile into it, v. 276, note. Origin of its
name; first given to the Persian Gulf,
436, note. Canal to unite it with the
Nile, vi. 68, note.

Reformation. See Protestants.

Reges, meaning of the word, iv. 252, note.
Regilianus (Regillianus, or Regalianus), one
of the Thirty Tyrants, in Illyricum, i.
343. Had Roxolani in his service, 347,
note. Praised by Claudius II., 357.
Regilla, wife of Herodes Atticus, i. 61.
Reginald of Chatillon, his adventures and
fate, vi. 496, and notes.
Rei. See Rage.

Reigning, the art of, declared by Diocletian
to be the most difficult of all, i. 463.
Rein-deer, driven northward by the improve-
ment of climate, i. 274.

Reiske, his account of the Varangians and
their commander, vi. 278, note.
Relics, the worship of, introduced by the
monks, iii. 297. A valuable cargo of,
imported from Constantinople by Louis
IX. of France, vii. 30.

Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts Clovis,
iv. 165.

Remigius, master of the offices, his corrup-
tion, iii. 114.

Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, his cha-
racter of Ætius, iv. 3.

Rennell, Major, value of his maps and
memoirs, iv. 315, note. His error re-
specting Palibothra, vi. 360, note. His Ri-
vers of the Punjaub, i. 35; vii. 169, notes.
Repentance, its operation among the primi-
tive Christians, ii. 40.

Republic, Roman, its name preserved under
the empire, i. 81. Its forms concealed
absolute monarchy, 90. Its name con-
fined to the Latin provinces after the
division of the empire, iii. 483.

Res mancipi and nec mancipi. See Man-
cipium and Property.

Restom, or Rostom, a hero of Persian ro-
mance, iv. 467, note. See Rustan.
Resurrection from the dead, asserted to be
not uncommon in the second century,
ii. 37. Of the body, disbelieved by Syne-
sius, 381, note. The doctrine enter-
tained by the Egyptians, and adopted by
Mahomet, v. 481.

Retiarius, a combatant in the Roman am-
phitheatre, i. 125.

Retz, Cardinal de, his description of a
conclave, vii. 376, notes.

Revenue of the Roman empire, i. 202. Its
collection, ii. 234. Of the Eastern empire,
iv. 320. Of the church, its distribution,
ii. 61. Its increase, 375. Its rapacious
acquisition and misapplication, iii. 89.
Of the monasteries, iv. 123. Of the
caliphs, vi. 139.

Rheteum, its situation, ii. 182.
Rhatia described, i. 27. Its frontiers se-
cured by Probus, 398.

Rhazates, the Persian general, defeated and
killed by Heraclius, v. 190.
Rhegina Columna, the extreme southern
point of Italy, v. 116, note.

Rhethra, an ancient temple of the Obotrites,
iii. 364, note.

Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popu-
lar state, iv. 351.

Rhine, the Gallic frontier of the empire,
i. 25. Often frozen, 274. An imperfect
barrier against the Franks, 323. Secured
by Probus, 399. Its fortresses are esta-
blished by Diocletian, 432. Three times
crossed by Julian, ii. 332. New forts
constructed by him on its banks, 334.
Twice more crossed by him, 472. Forti-
fied by Valentinian, iii. 97. Protected
by the Franks, 372. Cultivation of its
banks, 373. The barrier finally broken
through, 374. Settlement of the Franks
in its lower districts, iv. 9.

Rhodes visited by an earthquake, iv. 548,
note. Taken by Chosroes II., v. 172. Its
history and Colossus, vi. 54. Taken by
the Hospitallers, and besieged by Oth-
man, vii. 142, and note. See Hospitallers.
Rhyme, its Eastern origin, vi. 319.
Rhyndacus, a river of Asia Minor, i. 333.
Rialto (Rivus Altus), the Venetian island,
iv. 29, note; vi. 538.

Ar-

Richard I. of England, redeems the relics
taken by Saladin at Jerusalem, vi. 500.
Engages in the third crusade, 501.
rives at Acre, 503. Institutes the Order
of the Garter, 507, note. His captivity,
508. The isle of Cyprus given by him
to Lusignan, 532. He refuses to under-
take another crusade, 536.

Richard of Cirencester, his literary charac-
ter, iii. 477, note.
Richomer, his service against the Goths, iii.
177, 187.

Ricimer, count, deposes Avitus, iv. 57,
Raises Majorian to the throne, 59. Pro-
motes a sedition against him, 68. Orders
the senate to elect Libius Severus, and
reigns in his name, 69. Requests Leo to
appoint an emperor of the West, 73.
Acknowledges Anthemius, and marries
his daughter, 76. Quarrels with him,
89 Supports Olybrius, 90. Sacks Rome,
kills Anthemius, and dies, 92.
Rienzi, Nicholas Gabrini, his origin, vii.
396. Education and early life, 397.
Tribune of Rome, 400. His government,
402. Respected in Italy, 404." Celebrated
by Petrarch, 405. His follies and vices,
406. His coronation, 409. Defeats the
nobles, 412. Is expelled from Rome,
414. A prisoner at Avignon, 416. Re-
turns to Rome as Senator, 417. Is as-
sassinated, 418.

Rimini. See Councils. A treaty negotiated

there with Alaric, iii. 432. Deposition
of Attalus, 437. Taken from the Goths,
besieged by them, and defended by John
the Sanguinary, iv. 422.

Rinaldo, of Tasso, a fabulous hero, vi. 423,
note.

Riothamus, a chieftain of the Armorican

Bretons, mistaken for a British prince,
iv. 35, note.

Ripaille, the hermitage of Amadeus VIII.
or Felix V., vii. 240, and note.
Ripuarians, Franks, who lived on the banks
of the Rhine, join the army of Attila, iv.
18, and note. Their code of laws, not
different in substance from the Salic,
183, and notes.

Roads, Roman, their construction and ex-
tent, i. 67.

Robert. See Guiscard.

Robert of Courtenay, emperor of Constanti-

nople, vii. 23. His weakness and death, 24.
Robert of Paris, his behaviour at the court
of Constantinople, vi. 435.

Robert, count of Flanders, his character
and engagement in the first crusade, vi.
421. Obliged to beg a dinner, 449. He
returns to the West, 460.

Robert, duke of Normandy, his character
and engagement in the first crusade, vi.
421. Withdraws and is recalled by the
censures of the Church, 449. His return
to Normandy, 460. Makes his chaplain,
Arnulf, first patriarch of Jerusalem, 461,

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Rodosto, Villehardouin's retreat after Bald-
win's defeat and captivity, vii. 16, and
Residence of John Palæologus,

note.

156.

Rodugune, her character, in Rowe's Royal
Convert, perhaps suggested by the im-
probable adventure of an Anglian princess
in Procopius, iv. 231, note.
Rogatians, a Donatist sect, ii. 391.
Roger, count of Sicily, his exploits, and
conquest of that island, vi. 320.
Roger, son of the former, the first king of
Sicily, vi. 341. His military achievements
in Africa and Greece, 344.
Roger de Flor. See Flor.
Roger de Loria. See Loria.
Roman Empire, the series of its revolutions
divided into three periods, Author's Pre-
face, xxxii. Its prosperous condition to
the death of Marcus Antoninus, i. 1.
Its military establishment, 10. Its navy,
22. Its provinces, 24. Its extent, 31.
Its principles of government, 35. Its
population, 56. Its cities, 64. Its agri-
culture, 69. Trade, 72. General felicity,
74. Degeneracy, 77. See Emperors, Em-
pire, East and West.

Roman People, their dread of the sea, i. 22,
and note. Held Barbarian languages in
contempt, 47, note. Hated the title of
king, and were deceived by an image of
civil liberty, 95. Their love of spectacles
and pomp, 414. Their indomitable spirit,
iii. 397, and note. Number of their citizens
at the time of the second Punic war,
398, and note. Their frequent and ca.
pricious tumults, 416. Their idleness,
417. Their first intercourse with the
Greeks, v. 9, and note. Their proneness
to bloodshed, 83, and note. Their cha-
racter in the twelfth century, drawn by
Bernard, vii. 351. Their ignorance and
credulity, 465.

Romania, name given to the remnant of
the Roman empire, vi. 479, note; vii. 5,
note, 8, 147, 193.
Romanus I., Lecapenus, emperor of the
East, v. 323. Marriage of his grand-
daughter, Maria, to Peter, prince of the
Bulgarians, vi. 208. His defeat and in-
terview with their king, Simeon, at which
this alliance is contracted, 261.
Romanus II., son of Constantine Porphy-
rogenitus; his short reign, v. 325. Mar-
ries Bertha, daughter of Hugo, king of
Italy, vi. 208. His second wife Theo-
phano, 210. Their daughter, Theophano,
wedded to Otho 'II. of Germany, and
Anne to Wolodomir of Russia, ib.
Romanus III. Argyrus, poisoned by Zoe, v.
331.

Romanus IV. Diogenes, is defeated and
taken prisoner by Alp Arslan, vi. 376.
His treatment, deliverance, and death,
377.

Romanus, count of the domestics, com-

mands the expedition sent by Anastasius
against Italy, iv. 262, note.
Romanus, count, governor of Africa, his
corrupt administration, i. 113. See
Mellobaudes.

Romanus, governor of Bosra, betrays it to
the Saracens, vi. 25.

Rome, era of its foundation, according to
Varro, i. 246, note. Suffers from famine
and pestilence, 350. Fortified by Aure-
lian, 368. Its state in the fourth century,
A.U.C., ib., note. Ceases to be the resi-
dence of the emperors, 451. Maxentius
makes it the seat of his short empire,
479. Visit of Constantine, 500. Called
Babylon by the early Christians, ii. 32.
Its church, 74. Fire in the reign of
Nero, 101. Its first prefect and local
government, 207. Celebration of Con-
stantine's vicennalia, 252. Visit of Con-
stantius, 308. Contentions for its bishop-
ric, 447. Its pagan hierarchy, iii. 273.
Conversion of its Senate and people to
Christianity, 280. Visit of Honorius,
356. Character and manners of its inha-
bitants in his time, 412. Extent and
population, 421. Besieged by Alaric,
424. Second siege, 433. Third siege
and capture, 438. This catastrophe com-
pared with the previous destruction of
the city by the Gauls, and its subsequent
spoliation by the army of Charles V., 446.
Evacuated by the Goths, 449. Vestiges
of their invasion obliterated, 458. Plun-
dered by the Vandals under Genseric, iv.
47. By Ricimer, 92. Introduction of
the monastic system, 111. Visit of Theo-
doric, and preservation of its ancient
monuments, 267. Taken by Belisarius,
407. Defended by him against the Goths,
411. Taken by the Goths, 511. Reco-
vered by Belisarius, 512. Again taken
by the Goths, 518. Taken by Narses,
527. Prices of cattle there, v. 12, note.
Arrangements in its forum for taking
the votes of the citizens, 13, note. The
close of the sixth century, the period of
its lowest depression, 127. Resort of
pilgrims to the shrines of Peter and Paul,
130. Government of pope Gregory I.,
134. Its supremacy restored by the
popes, 372. Attacked by the Lombards,
382. Delivered by Pepin, 384. Its Pa
tricians, 388. Final separation from the
Greek empire, 400. Visit and coronation
of Charlemagne, 402. Local jurisdiction
of the German emperors, 422. luvasion
of the Saracens, vi. 158. Foundation of
the Leonine city, 162. Besieged by the
emperor Henry III., 335. Visit of John
Palæologus I, vii. 211. Library of the
Vatican enriched by Nicholas V., 256.
Its merits in comparison with Constan-

tinople, 260. Review of its previous
changes, and its condition in the begin-
ning of the twelfth century, 341. Autho-

rity and revenue of the popes, 345. Re-
sort of pilgrims and suppliants, 346.
Seditions against the popes, 348. Re-
forms of Arnold of Brescia, 355. The
Senate restored, 358. Office of Senator,
364. Held by Brancaleone, 365. By
Charles of Anjou, 366. By pope Martin
V., ib. Embassies to the German em-
perors, 367. Wars against the neigh-
bouring cities, 372. Absence of the
popes, 378. The holy see removed to
Avignon, 380. Resort of pilgrims during
the Jubilee, 382. Feuds of the barons,
390. Laureate-coronation of Petrarch,
394. Tribuneship of Rienzi, 400. Return
of the popes, 421. Last revolt, 430.
Statutes and government, 432. Absolute
dominion of the popes, 436. Reforms of
Sixtus V., 440. Description of its anti-
quities by Poggius, 442. Causes of their
gradual decay, 445. Games, 462. Popu-
lation, 457, 469, notes. Restoration and
ornaments, 468.

Romilda, a Lombard princess, betrays Friuli
to the Avars, v. 176.

Romulus, his computed era, i. 246. Interval
between his death and Numa's acces-
sion, 388. Prophecy or oracle said to
have been delivered to him respecting
the Latin language, vi. 226, note.
Romulus. See Augustulus.
Roncesvalles, pass in the Pyrenees; battles
there, v. 405, and note.

Rosamond, daughter of Cunimund king of
the Gepidæ, her marriage with Alboin, v
100. Conspires his murder, 106. Her
flight and death, 107.

Rotharis, Lombard king, his laws, v. 121,
note. His marriage to Theudelinda, 124.
His death, 125. His laws, 126, and

note.

Rouda, an island of the Nile, vi. 57.
Roum (or of the Romans), Seljukian king-
dom, vi. 383. Its extent, 386. Attacked
by the crusaders, 439. Cogni or Iconium
made its capital, 474. Conquered by the
Moguls, vii. 128. By Bajazet, 150.
Roumelia, present Turkish province, the
countries comprehended in it, i. 28.
Rousillon, its population and revenues, v.
409, note.

Rousseau, his charge of cruelty against
consumers of animal food, iii. 141, note.
His parallel between Christ and Socrates,
v. 206, note.

See Pule.

Roxolani, an ancient tribe in the army of
Regillianus, i. 347, note. Deserted Her.
manric, iii. 163.
Rudbar.
Rudbeck, Olaus, his suspicious testimony
to the fecundity of the women in Sweden,
i. 275, note. His account of the country,
277.

Rufinus, minister of Theodosius, inflames
his anger against Thessalonica, iii. 255-
309. His tyranny under Arcadius, 810.

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Builds a church at Chalcedon, 311, 505.
Oppresses the East, 314. Conspiracy
against him, 315. Dreads the arrival of
Stilicho, 317. Is put to death by Gainas,
822. His treachery, 336.
Rufinus, a presbyter of Aquileia, persecuted
by Jerome, iii. 345, and note.
Ruga, Sp. Carvilius, his divorce, v. 54, note.
Rugians, a tribe among the confederate
bands of Italy, iv. 95. Their territory in
Noricum, beyond the Danube, conquered
by Odoacer, 104. Said to have followed
the Saxons into Britain, 215.

Rugilas, or Roas, leader of the Huns, and
friend of Etius, iii. 549. On his death
leaves the command to his nephews, At-
tila and Bleda, 550.

Runic characters, the opinion of Celsius
respecting them, i. 278, note.
Rupibus, de, or des Roches. See Peter.
Ruric, or Röric, founder of the Russian
empire, his early history, vi. 274, and
note.

Rusium. See Battles,

Russia, probable derivation of its name
from the Roxolani, iii. 163, note. Arrival
of Ruric, and establishment of his dy-
nasty, vi. 276. Its geography, 278. Its
trade, 280. Its naval expeditions against
Constantinople, 282. Its conversion to
Christianity, 289. Completed by Wolo-
domir, 291. Sends money for the repairs
of St. Sophia, at Constantinople, vii. 103,
note. Discord of its princes, and con-
quest by the Golden Horde, 129, and note.
Ravaged by Timour, 167. Is represented
by its primate at the council of Ferrara,
230. Refuses to concur in the union of
the Churches, 265.

Rustam, the Persian general, commands
against the Arabs, vi. 11. Is slain at
Cadesia, 12.

Rustan, a Persian nobleman, his sense of
the danger to be apprehended from des-
potic power, i. 107.

Rustan, prince of Segestan, his fabulous
exploits, probably founded on real history,
i. 261, note.

Rusticiana, daughter of Symmachus, and
wife of Boethius, saved when her hus-
band was put to death, iv. 283. Rescued
by Totila at the taking of Rome, 512.
Rusticus, Comes scholariorum, serves with
Romanus in the expedition against Italy,
iv. 262, note.

Rutilius Numatianus, Claudius, date of his
Itinerary, iii. 458, note. See Capraria.

S.

Sabaans, or Homerites, visited by missio-
naries from Constantius, ii. 366. Meriaba
an important eity in their country, v.
442, note.

Sabaria, one of the towns where Severus is
said to have been proclaimed, i. 145, note.

Sabaton, a lake in Hungary, i. 488, note.
Sabellius the heresiarch, his opinions after-
ward adopted by his antagonists, ii. 403.
His doctrine of the Trinity, 406. The
Sabelliaus unite with the Tritheists, at
the council of Nice, to overpower the
Arians, 409.

Sabians, their astronomical mythology, v.
459.

Sabinian obtains the command of the East-

ern provinces from Constantius, ii. 321.
Sabinian, general of the East, is defeated
by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, king of Italy,
iv. 261.

Sabinians, the Roman law-sect, v. 30.
Sabinus, Flavius, elder brother of Vespa-
sian, i. 111, and note.

Sabinus, Flavius, the son, put to death by
his cousin Domitian, i. 111.
Sabinus, prætorian prefect, announces Max-
imin's order to cease the persecution of
the Christians, ii. 165.

Sabrata, a city of the African Tripolis, iii.

113.

Sacca, or Sacæ, a tribe of central Asia,
auxiliaries of Hormuz, i. 441, note. Sup-
posed by some to have been progenitors
of the Saxons, iii. 101, note.
Sacrifices, pagan, profitable to the minis-
tering orders, i. 39, note; ii. 102, note.
King of the, iii. 274. Prohibited by
Theodosius, 281. Were preludes to social
repasts and festive meetings, 291, note.
Said to have been privately celebrated in
modern times, vii. 258, note.
Sacrifices, human, alleged to have been
perpetrated by the Druids, i. 40. By the
Suevi, 324. By the Huns, iii. 552, and
note. Supposed to have been the most
precious oblation to deprecate public ca-
lamity, v. 458. Practised by the Arabians,
i6. Christian captives offered by Maho-
metans, instead of a sacrifice of sheep
or lambs, vi. 498, note.

Sadder, a corruption of the Zendavesta,
i. 256, notes; 258, note. Sanctioned only
the lightest kind of learning, iv. 466,
note.

Sadducees, the Jewish sect, their opinions,
ii. 28.

Sade, Abbé de, his Memoirs of Petrarch,
vii. 391, note.

Saffah. See Abbassides.
Sagredo, his Venetian History of the Otto-
mans, vii. 340, note.

Said, lieutenant of Omar, in the Persian
war, vi. 13.

Sain, slain for conducting the embassy of
Heraclius to the presence of Chosroes,
Y. 177.
Saints, the value of their relics, iii. 300.

The worship of them introduces a popu-
lar mythology, which restores polytheism,
304.
Saladin: the Jew Maimonides, and men of
all religions received at his court, ii. 4,

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