Sieges and Captures, continued-
Ancyra, or Angora, by Chosroes II.,
v. 172.
by Bajazet, vii. 154.
by Timour, 177.
Anderida, by the Saxons, iv. 223.
Autioch, by Sapor, i. 338.
by Nushirvan, iv. 472.
by Chosroes II., v. 170.
by the Saracens, vi. 47.
by the Greeks, 178.
by the crusaders, 445.
by Bibars, 520.
Apamea, by Nushirvan, v. 139,
Aquileia, by Maximin, i. 234.
by Julian, ii. 435.
by Attila, iv. 27.
by Alboin, v. 104.
Arles, by Maximian, i. 486.
by the usurper Constantine, iii.
331.
by Gerontius, 461.
by general Constantius, 463.
by the Visigoths, iv. 18.
by Abderame, vi. 129.
Artogerassa, by Sapor, iii. 120.
Ascalon, by the crusaders, vi. 463.
Asta, by Alaric, iii. 351.
Astracan, by Timour, vii. 163.
Athens, by the Goths, i. 336.
by Alaric, iii. 337.
by the Normans, vi. 346.
by Boniface, vii. 7.
by the Catalans, 81.
by Mahomet II., 82.
Autun, by the Gallic legions, i. 371.
Azimuntium, by Attila, iii. 567.
Azof, or Tana, by Timour, vii. 168.
Babylon, in Egypt, by the Arabs, vi. 57.
Bagdad, by the Bowides, vi. 175.
by Zingis, vii. 128.
Balch, by the Arabs, vi. 17.
by Zingis, vii. 123.
Bari, by the Franks and Greeks, vi. 295.
by Robert Guiscard, 317.
Bath, by Ceaulin, iv. 218.
Belgrade, or Singidunum, by Baian,
by Mahomet II., vii. 278.
Beneventum, by the Saracens, vi. 399.
Berytus, or Beyrout, by Bibars, vi. 520.
Bezabde, by Sapor, ii. 320.
by Constantius, 321.
Bochara, by the Arabs, vi. 21.
Bordeaux, by Abderame, v. 128.
Bosporus, by the Turks, iv. 454.
Bostra, by the Arabs, vi. 24.
Boulogne, or Gessoriacum,
stantius Chlorus, i. 431.
Boursa, or Prusa, by Orchan, vii. 140.
by the Mongols, 179.
Braga, by the Visigoths, iv. 55.
Bremen, by the Hungarians, vi. 269.
Bugia, by the Arabs, vi. 78.
Busiris, by Diocletian, i. 436.
Byzantium, by Severus, i. 153.
Sieges and Captures, continued-
Byzantium, by Maximin, 504.
by Constantine, 519.
Cæsarea, in Cappadocia, by Sapor L,
i. 339.
by Chosroes II., v. 171.
Cæsarea, in Palestine, by the Arabs,
vi. 50.
by the crusaders, 455.
by Richard I., 505.
Cairo, by the Franks, vi. 491.
Canouge, or Palibothra, by Mahmud
the Gaznevide, vi. 360.
Capua, by the Saracens, vi. 299.
Carthage, by Genseric, iii. 542.
by Belisarius, iv. 374.
by Hassan, vi. 83.
Chaibar, by Mahomet, v. 499.
Chalcedon, by the Goths, i. 331.
by Chosroes II., v. 186.
Cirencester, by Ceaulin, iv. 218.
Clermont, by the Visigoths, iv. 84.
by Childebert, 199.
Constantinople, by the Persians and
Avars, v. 187.
by the Arabs, vi. 115, 119.
by the Bulgarians, 261.
by the Russians, 283, 284.
by the Latins, 553, 563.
by the Greeks, vii. 34, 59.
by Amurath II. 198.
by Mahomet II., 298-323.
Coptos, by Diocletian, i. 436.
Cordova, by the Arabs, vi. 93.
Corinth, by Alaric, iii. 339.
by the Normans, vi. 346.
by Boniface, vii. 7.
by the Catalans, 81.
by the Turks, 334.
Cracow, by the Tartars, vii. 129.
Croya, by Amurath II., vii. 282.
Ctesiphon, by the Romans, i. 263.
by the Arabs, vi. 14.
Cumæ, by Narses, iv. 528.
Cyrene, by Chosroes II., v. 172.
by the Arabs, vi. 81.
Cyzicus, by the Goths, i. 333.
by Procopius, iii. 72.
by the Arabs, vi. 116.
Damascus, by the Arabs, vi. 26.
by Zimisces, 179.
by the Seljukians, 384.
by Atsiz, 394.
by Noureddin, 488.
by the Mongols, vii. 128.
by Timour, 175.
Damietta, by the crusaders, vi. 510.
by Louis IX., 517.
Dara, by the Persians, iv. 476.
by Chosroes, v. 139.
Dastagerd, by Heraclius, v. 191.
Delhi, by Timour, vii. 169.
Demotica, by the Bulgarians, vii. 143.
Durazzo, or Dyrrachium, by Robert
Guiscard, vii. 327.
Edessa, by the Romans, i. 265.
Sieges and Captures, continued-
Edessa, by Baldwin, vi. 444.
by Zinghi, 487,
Emesa, by the Arabs, vi. 40.
by Zimisces, 170.
Ephesus, by the Goths, i. 336.
by the Turks, vii. 141.
Florence, by Radagaisus, iii. 368.
Gabala, by Bibars, vi. 520.
Gall, St., by the Hungarians, vi. 249.
Gallipoli, by the Catalans, vii. 79.
by the Turks, 147.
Gloucester, by Ceaulin, iv. 218.
Gran, or Strigonium, by the Mongols,
Hadrianople, by Fritigern, iii. 175.
by the Goths, 188.
by Baldwin, vii. 15.
by Amurath I., 147.
Heliopolis, in Syria, by the Arabs,
vi. 40.
Heraclea, in Pontus, by the Goths,
i. 332.
by Harun al Rashid, v. 154.
Heraclea, in Thrace, by Maximin, i. 504.
Herat, by the Arabs, vi. 17.
by Zingis, vii. 123.
Hippo Regius, by Genseric, iii. 537.
Hira, by the Arabs, vi. 9.
Iconium, by Barbarossa, vi. 482.
by the Mongols, vii. 428.
Ispahan, by Heraclius, v. 184.
by the Arabs, vi. 16.
Jaffa, by Bibars, vi. 520.
Jerusalem, by Hadrian, ii. 89.
by Chosroes II., v. 171.
by the Arabs, vi. 44.
by the Turks, 388.
by Malek Shah, 394.
by Al Mostadi, 395.
by the crusaders, 456.
by Saladin, 498.
by Frederic II., 514.
by the Carizmians, 515.
Julin, by Waldemar, vi. 280.
Kiow, by the Mongols, vii. 129.
Laodicea, in Palestine, by the crusa-
ders, vi. 463.
Lublin, by the Mongols, vii. 129.
Lucca, by Narses, iv. 530.
Lychnidus, by Basil II., vi. 262.
Lyons, by Aurelian, i. 371.
by Clovis, iv. 171.
Macepracta, by Julian, iii. 19.
Madayn, Al, by the Arabs, vi. 14.
Magnesia ad Sipylum, by the Catalans,
vii. 77.
Malta, by Roger, king of Sicily, vi. 344.
Maogamalcha, by Julian, iii. 23.
Marcianopolis, by the Goths, i. 312.
by the Visigoths, iii. 172.
by Attila, 558.
by Zimisces, vi. 268.
Mariaba (as alleged) by the Romans,
i. 2; v. 441.
Sieges and Captures, continued-
Marseilles, by Constantine, i. 486.
Mecca, by Abrahah, v. 463.
by Mahomet, 501.
by Abu Taher, vi. 169.
Memphis, by the Arabs, vi. 57.
Mentz, or Moguntiacum, by the Alle-
manni, iii. 95.
by the Barbarians, 374.
by the Huns, iv. 15.
Merida, or Emerita, by the Arabs, vi. 97.
Metz, by Attila, iv. 15.
Milan, by Attila, iv. 27.
by Belisarius, 420.
by the Burgundians, 425.
by Frederic I., v. 428.
Mopsuestia, or Malmistra, by Nice-
phorus Phocas, vi. 177.
by the crusaders, 443.
Moscow, by the Mongols, vii. 129.
Naissus, by Attila, iii. 558.
Naples, by Belisarius, iv. 404.
by Sergius, vi. 304.
by Charles of Anjou, vii. 69.
Napoli di Romania, by the Latins, vii. 7.
Narbonne, by Theodoric, iv. 6.
by the Saracens, vi. 128.
Neustadt, by the Mongols, vii. 131.
Nice, in Bithynia, by the Goths, i. 331,
332.
by the Seljukians, vi. 386.
by the crusaders, 440.
by Orchan, vii. 141.
by the Mongols, 179.
Nicomedia, by the Goths, i. 331, 332.
by Alexius, vi. 386.
by Orchan, vii. 141.
Nicopolis in Thrace, by the Goths, i. 312.
Nicopolis in Epirus, bythe Goths, iv. 519.
Nisibis, by Sapor, i. 337.
by Sapor, ii. 275.
by the Romans, iii. 520.
by the Arabs, vi. 53.
Orleans, by Attila, iv. 16.
Ormia, or Thebarma, by Heraclius, v.
184.
Ormuz, by Timour, vii. 165.
Osimo, by Belisarius, iv. 428.
Otranto, by the Turks, vii. 336.
Otrar, by Žingis, vii. 122.
Palermo, by Belisarius, iv. 400.
Palmyra, by Aurelian, i. 377, 379.
Paris, by Normaus, vi. 440.
Patras, by Slavonians and Saracens,
vi. 189.
Pavia, or Ticinum, by Theodoric, iv. 52.
by Alboin, v. 105.
by Charlemagne, 386.
by Hungarians, vi. 270.
Pekin, by Zingis, vii. 121.
Petra in Colchis, by the Persians, iv.
485.
by Dagisteus, 486.
by Bessas, 488.
Philadelphia, by Theodore Lascaris,
ii. 10.
Sieges and Captures, continued
Philadelphia, by the Turks, 77, 142.
Philippopolis, by the Goths, i. 312,
Phocæa, by the Turks, vii. 196.
Pityus, by the Goths, i. 320.
Rage, or Rei, by the Saracens, vi. 16.
Ravenna, by Maximian, i. 480.
by Theodoric, iv. 253.
by Belisarius, 430.
by the emperor Leo, v. 378.
by Luitprand, 883.
by the Venetians, ib.
by Luitprand, ih.
Rhodes, by Chosroes II., v. 172.
by the Hospitallers, vii. 142.
by Othman, ib.
Rimini, by Vitiges, iv. 422.
Rome, by Alaric, iii. 424.
Second siege, 433.
Third, 438.
by the Gauls, 446.
by Charles V., ib.
by Genseric, iv. 47.
by Ricimer, 92.
by Belisarius, 407.
by the Goths, 411, 511.
by Belisarius, 512.
by the Goths, 518.
by Narses, 527.
by Luitprand, v. 382.
by Saracens, vi. 158.
by the emperor Henry III., 335.
Salerno, by the Saracens, vi. 302.
by Robert Guiscard, 318.
Salisbury, by Kenric, iv. 218.
Samarcand, by the Arabs, vi. 21.
by Seljuk, 367.
by Zingis, vii. 122.
Saragossa, by the Arabs, vi. 97.
Sayanfu, by Cublai, vii. 125.
Sebaste, or Siwas, by Timour, vii. 173.
Seleucia in Cilicia, by the Isaurians, ii.
Seleucia in Assyria, by the Romans,
i. 263.
Selybria, by Mahomet II. vii. 302.
Sens, by the Germans, ii. 326.
Serai, by Timour, vii. 168.
Seville, by the Arabs, vi. 96.
Sfetigrade, by Amurath II., vii. 282.
Sidon, by Bibars, vi. 520.
Singara, by Sapor, ii. 320; iii. 48.
Sinope, by Mahomet II., vii. 326.
Sirmium, by the Quadi and Sarmatians,
iii. 132.
by Baian, v. 155.
Smyrna, by the Latins, vii. 144.
by Timour, 179.
Sozopetra, by Theophilus, vi. 162.
Spires, by Attila, iv. 15.
Strasburg, by Attila, iv. 15.
Sufetula, by the Arabs, vi. 75.
Sullecte, by Belisarius, iv. 371.
Sumnat, by Mahmud the Gaznevide,
vi. 361.
Susa, in Italy, by Constantine, i. 495.
Sieges and Captures, continued-
Susa, in Persia, by the Arabs, vi. 17.
Tangier, by the Arabs, vi. 78.
Tarragona, by the Franks, i. 323.
Tarsus, by the Greeks, vi. 177.
by the Crusaders, 444.
Tauris, by Heraclius, v. 183.
by the Saracens, vi. 16.
Tayef, by Mahomet, v. 503.
Tecrit, by Sapor, ii. 320.
by Timour, ib. note.
Tephrice, by the Greeks, vi. 245.
Thebes, in Greece, by Boniface, vii. 7.
by the Catalans, 81.
Thessalonica, by Boniface, vii. 7.
by Vataces, 31.
Thyatira, by the Mahometans, vii. 142.
Thysdrus, by the Gordians, i. 222.
Tiberias, by Saladin, vi. 496.
Tibur, or Tivoli, by the modern Romans,
Veii, by the Romans, i. 201.
Verona, by Constantine, i. 496.
Vienne, by Clovis, iv. 171.
Viterbo, by modern Romans, vii. 372.
Waradin, by Batou, vii. 130.
Worms, by Attila, iv. 15.
Zara, by the French and Venetians, vi.
544.
Sienpi, Oriental Tartars, iii. 157. Under
the name of Topa, invaded China, 362.
Siffin, the plain on the western bank of
the Euphrates, v. 524.
Siganfu, an inscription there describes the
fate of the Nestorian church, v. 260, note.
See Sayanfu.
Sigismond, last king of the Burgundians,
makes atonement for the murder of his
son, by endowing the monastery of St.
Maurice, iv. 172. Defeated by the
Franks, and thrown with his family into
a well, 173.
Sigismond, the emperor, supports the coun-
cil of Basle against the pope, vii. 225.
Advocates the council of Constance, and
undertakes a journey to Perpignan, to
obtain the resignation of Benedict XIII.,
Sigismond, king of Hungary, defeated by
Bajazet at Nicopolis, vii. 151.
surrendered to Mahomet II., vii. 336,
and note.
Silentiarius, Paulus, celebrates the empress | Sinope, its situation and present state;
Theodora as a saint, iv. 300, note.
merates and describes the marbles intro-
duced into the edifice of St. Sophia,
333, note.
Silentiary, an officer in the Byzantine
palace, iv. 489, nole.
Silingi, a branch of the Vandals in Spain,
iii. 468. Exterminated by Wallia, 472.
Silk, imported from India into Egypt, i. 72.
Produced in China, v. 313. Manufac-
tured in the island of Cos or Ceos, ib.,
and note. Increased demand for it, 316.
Silkworms introduced into Greece, 317.
Manufactures of Corinth, Thebes, and
Argos, vi. 191. The art carried to Almeria
and Lisbon, 192 To Sicily, 193, 346.
To France and England, 194, and note.
Brocades of Yezd, vii. 167, note. Robes
presented by the Turkish ambassadors
to the emperor Sigismond, 226.
Silures, a British tribe in South Wales,
i. 25.
Silver, its equivalent in brass, during the
early days of Rome, i. 10, note. The
principal means of the Romans to pay
for foreign wares, 73, and note. Its rela-
tive value to gold, ii. 238, note. The
seven statues or idols of Narbonne, vi. 97.
Silvester, pope, forgery of Constantine's
donation to him, v. 393.
Silvester II., pope, preceptor of Otho III.,
wrote the epitaph on the new tomb of
Boethius, iv. 282, note.
Simeon Stylites, his foolish penance, iv. 128.
Simeon, king of Bulgaria, his siege of Con-
stantinople, and treaty with Romanus
II., vi. 261.
Simeon, Metaphrastes, his legends of the
Saints, vi. 183, note.
Simeon puts to death the Paulician, Con-
stantine, vi. 241.
Simeons, Nestorians of Van, their revolt,
v. 261.
Simocatta. See Theophylact.
Simon Magus, Nestorius compared to him,
and his followers called Simonians, v.
225, and note.
Simon of Montfort, persecutor of the Albi-
geois, joins the fourth crusade, vi. 537.
Withdraws, 545.
Simony, early practised in the church, ii.
141, note. Cyril accused of, it by Isidore
of Pelusium, v. 215, note.
Simplicius, with his friends, visits Persia,
iv. 355. His works, 356.
Sinbal, chief of the Heruli at Casilinum,
iv. 532. Rebels, and is hanged, 533.
Singara, its situation, i. 448, note. See
Battles and Sieges.
Singeric, king of the Visigoths, his cruelty
and death, iii. 470.
Singidunum, destroyed by the Huns, iii.
558. See Belgrade.
Sinistus, high priest of the Burgundians,
Sira, or Shirene, said to be the daughter
of the emperor Maurice; heroine of
Persian romance; wife of Chosroes II.,
v. 152, and notes. Accompanies him in
his last flight, 192. Persian account of
her death, 194, note.
Sirmium, Claudius II. dies there, i. 359.
Its marshes drained by Probus, 408. The
capital of Illyricum; abandoned by Lici-
nius to Constantine, 509, and note. Re-
ceives Julian triumphantly, ii. 482. Re-
sists the Quadi and Sarmatians, iii. 132.
Despoiled by Attila, 558. Treacherously
taken by Baian, v. 155.
Siroes joins the conspiracy against his
father Chosroes II., v. 193. Concludes
a treaty with Heraclius, 195.
Sisebut persecutes the Jews in Spain, iv. 164.
Siwas, or Sebaste, in Cappadocia, Heraclius
returns there from his second expedition,
v. 186. Destroyed by Timour, vii. 173.
Sixtus IV., pope, his troubled reign, vii. 435.
Sixtus V., pope, his origin, history, and
character, vii. 440, and notes.
Slaves, their condition among the Romans,
i. 50, and notes. Means of enfranchise-
ment, 54. Their employments, value,
and numbers, 56. Revolt in Sicily, 347.
Received into the army, ii. 220. Re-
leased by Alaric, and join his forces, iii.
428. Their treatment among the Huns,
562. Among the conquerors of the em-
pire, iv. 196. Form of purchase among
the Romans, v. 98, add. note. Trained
in Egypt as Mamelukes, vi. 519. The
sale of them authorized by treaty at
Scutari, vii. 146, and note. Educated by
the Turks as Janizaries, 200.
Slavonians, the third stem-tribe of Europe,
i. 271, note; iv. 445, note. Their lan
Countries
guage, 446. Habits, 447.
occupied by them, 448. Enter Gran,
449. Succeeded the Goths in the east of
Germany, 389, note. Their settlement
in the Peloponnesus, vi. 189. Their va-
rious tribes, 258. Their generic name
used to denote servitude, ib., note. Their
commercial transactions in Northern
Germany, 280, note. Some of them re-
tained their barbarous habits in the
fourteenth century, vii. 93, note. See
Sarmatians.
Small-por mistaken for a miraculous in-
fliction on Abreha's army, v. 463, note.
Smyrna, its wealth and commerce, i. 66. One
of the Seven Churches of Asia, ii. 71. Sup-
ported now by the commercial activity of
Europeans, vii. 142, and note. Taken by
the Latins, and placed under the protec
tion of the Knights of Rhodes, 144, note.
Taken by Timour, 179.
Soæmias, niece of the empress Julia Domna,
P 2
procures the elevation of her son Ela-
gabalus to the throne, i. 180. Sits by
the side of the consuls in the Senate, 190.
Put to death with him, 188.
Socrates, when dying, uttered no word of
impatience or complaint, v. 206, note.
His attendant demon, 511.
Soffarides, the Saracen dynasty, vi. 172.
Sogdiana, conquered by the White Huns,
iii. 158. Its caravans between China and
Persia, iv. 312. Tributary to the Turks,
458. Occupied by Mohammed, sultan
of Carizme, and conquered by Zingis.
iii. 158, note. See Transoziana.
Soissons, its state in the time of Cæsar,
iv. 122, note.
Soldiers, Roman, at first required to be
possessed of property, i. 10, note. Their
stipend, 12, note. First regularly given
at the siege of Veii, 201. See Miles.
Solicinium, Mount, the Allemanni defeated
there, iii. 96, and note.
Solidus, substituted by Constantine for the
aureus, vii. 29, note.
Soliman, caliph, undertakes the 2nd siege of
Constantinople, vi. 119. His death, 121.
Soliman founds the Seljukian kingdom of
Asia Minor, in Roum, vi 385; 430, note.
Confounded with his son, 417, note. His
death, 430, note. See Kilidsch Arslan.
Soliman, son of Bajazet, escapes from
Angora, vii. 179. Is invested with Ro-
mania by Timour, 185. Unites for
awhile the thrones of Hadrianople and
Boursa, and dies, 193. His alliance with
Manuel Palæologus, 197.
Soliman, son of Orchan, obtains possession
of Gallipoli, vii. 147. Killed by a fall
from his horse, ib.
Solomon, the Jewish monarch, did not
write the "Book of Wisdom," ii. 394,
note. His temple compared with the
church of St. Sophia, iv. 332, and note.
His authorship of the "Ecclesiastes "
doubtful, 386, note. Visited by the queen
of Abyssinia, who sends her son Menilak
to be educated by him, 493, note.
Solomon, the eunuch, succeeds Belisarius
in Africa, iv. 390. Defeats the Moors,
and takes Mount Aurasius, 392. With-
draws to Sicily from a conspiracy against
him, 498. Returns to Africa, and falls
in a battle with the Moors at Tebeste, 501.
Song, the Chinese dynasty, becomes ex-
tinct, vii. 125. Death of their last cham-
pion, 126.
Sonna, the Mahometan oral law, fixed by
Al Bochari, v. 475.
Sonnenwald, the sacred wood of the Suevi,
i. 324.
Sonnites. orthodox Mahometans, as opposed
to Shiites, v. 520.
Sopater, beheaded on a charge of having
bound the winds by magic, ii. 429, note.
Sophia, wife of Justin II., advises him to
assume the empire, and gains popularity
by her benevolence, v. 95. Causes the
defection of Narses by her insulting
message, 102. Conspires against Tibe
rius II., 111.
Sophia, St., church at Constantinople, built
by Constantine, ii. 190. Replaced by
Justinian with a more splendid edifice,
iv. 331. His boast that it surpassed the
temple of Solomon, 332. Its cost, 335..
Its damages and repairs, vii. 103, note;
262. Visited by Mahomet II., and trans-
formed into a mosch, 329.
Sophian, a veteran warrior of the Arabs, in
their first siege of Constantinople, vi. 115.
Sophian. See Abu.
Sophronia, wife of the prefect of Rome,
stabs herself to escape from the violence
of Maxentius, i. 491, note.
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, when
besieged by the Saracens, vi. 45.
Sortes sanctorum, substituted for the Sortes
Virgiliana, iv. 175, note.
Soul of the universe, ii. 394, note. Human,
opinions respecting its origin, v. 201, note.
See Immortality, Philosophers, Plato.
Sovou, or So-ou, the Chinese exile, iii. 153,
and note.
Sozopetra, its destruction causes the Amo-
rian war, vi. 162.
Spado, denoted the Roman abhorrence of
such mutilation, ii. 292, note.
Spain, its divisions, as a Roman province, i.
24. Its rich mines, 204; iv. 478, note.
First inroad of Barbarians, i. 323. Long
happiness of the people, iii. 466. Invaded
and divided by Vandals, Suevi, and Alani,
467. Their government preferred to that
of Rome, 468. Conquered and restored
to Honorius by Wallia, 472. The Vandals
subdue the Suevi and pass into Africa,
530. Conquered by the Visigoths under
Theodoric, iv. 54. Predominance of Ari-
anism, 149. Conversion of Recared to
the Catholic creed, 152. Persecution of
the Jews, 154. On the death of Alaric II.,
Theodoric, king of Italy, protects Spain
against Clovis, 178, 208. Legislative
councils of Toledo, 209. Their code, 211.
Reign of Theudes, 392. Justinian obtains
some cities, 393; regained by Svintilla,
ib., note. The Spanish March of Charle
magne, v. 409. Usurpation of Roderic,
vi. 89. Invasion of the Saracens, 90.
Battle of Xeres, 92. The country con-
quered by them, 95. Retirement of Go-
thic fugitives into the Asturian valleys,
96. Prosperity of Spain under the Arabs,
102. Abdalrahman I., establishes an
independent throne at Cordova, 137.
Magnificence of Abdalrahman III., 141,
and note. Cultivation of literature under
his son, Hakem II., 145, note. Spain
took no part in the crusades, 413, note.
One of the five great nations of Chris-
tendom, whose deputies attended the
council of Constance, vii. 428.
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