his brother Valentinian, iii. 68. Dismayed by the revolt of Procopius, 73. His anxiety for his personal safety, 78. Re- duced the taxes of the East, 82. In- structed by Eudoxius in the Arian creed, 85. Accused of having persecuted the Catholics, 86. Endowed a hospital, found- ed by Basil at Cæsarea, 87. Contest with the monks of Egypt, 88. Established Sauromaces on the throne of Armenia and Iberia, 121. Para, son of Arsaces Tiranus, treacherously murdered by his order, 124. His residence at Antioch, 165. The Visigoths implored his pro- tection, 166. Leave given by him for their passage of the Danube, 168. War with them, 177. Defeated and slain at Hadrianople, 186. Funeral oration of Libanius, 187.
Valens, bishop of Mursa, co-operates with Ursacius in the council of Rimini, ii. 415. Comforts the emperor Valens, du- ring the battle against Magnentius, 420. His alleged recantation of Arianism, 433, note.
Valentia, a new British province, iii. 112. Valentia, a city of Spain, taken by the Goths, iii. 465; by the Saracens, vi. 98. Valentia, supports the sons of Constantine III., v. 291.
Valentine introduced his heresy into the West, v. 203, note. Belonged to the Egyptian school, 205.
Valentinian I., elected emperor, iii. 65. Divides the empire with his brother Valens, 68. Punishes the crime of magic, 75. His cruelty, 78. His laws and go- vernment, 80. Establishes public schools and Defensors of cities, 82. Maintains religious toleration, 83. His edict to restrain the avarice of the clergy, 88. His German war, 93. He passes the Rhine, and defeats the Allemanni, 96. Fortifies the banks of the river, 98. War with the Quadi and Sarmatians, 130. His angry interview with their envoys, 133. His death, 134.
Valentinian II. associated in the empire with his brother Gratian, iii. 135. The Western empire divided between him and Maximus, 218. His impatience under the dictation of Ambrose, and edict of toleration, 240. His flight to Thessalonica, 243. Restored by Theo- dosius, 260. On the death of his mother adopts the Nicene faith, 261. Murdered by Arbogastes, 263.
Valentinian III. succeeds his father Hono- rius on the throne of the West, iii. 526. His long minority intrusted to the guar- dian care of his mother Placidia, 527. His flight from Ravenna on the approach of Attila, iv. 31. Influence of pope Leo over him, 32, note. Treaty of peace with Attila, 33. Death of his mother, 37, note. Murders Etius, 38. Kavishes the wife
of Maximus, 39. Is assassinated by him, 40.
Valentinians, a Gnostic sect, ii. 17. Their
complex system, v. 205, note.
Valeria, daughter of Diocletian, marries Galerius, i. 426, and note. Persecuted by Maximin, 506. Put to death by Licinius, 507. Said to have been a con- vert to Christianity, ii. 142. Valeria, a province between the Drave aud Danube, i. 488, note. The government of it given to Marcellinus, iii. 130. Valerian, appointed censor by Decius, i. 314. Elected emperor, 320. Takes his sou Gallienus for his associate, ib. War with Persia, 337. He is defeated and made prisoner, 338. Dies in captivity, 341. Inconsistency of his conduct to- wards the Christians, ii. 140.
Valerius, a name taken by Diocletian, i 421, note.
Valet, at first a designation of a noble youth, vi. 545, nole.
Valla, Laurentius, his opinion on the Latin
of the Pandects, v. 38, nole. Disproved the donation of Constantine, 304, and note. Supposed to have used clandes- tinely the version of Homer by Leo Pila- tus, vii. 248.
Valle, Pietro della, his description of As- syria, iii. 27, note.
Vandals, a Gothic tribe, i. 307. Often con- founded with the Celtic Venedi and the Slavonic Wenden, 308, note. A colony of them said to have been planted in Britain by Probus, 403. Formed a part of the army of Radagaisus, iii. 365. Left their confederates and were defeated by the Franks, 373. Their passage into Gaul, ib. Into Spain, 467. Conquered by the Visigoths, 472. Maintain them. selves in Gallicia, 530. Overcome the Suevi, 531. On the invitation of Boni- face land in Africa, 532. Their progress, 541. Surprise Carthage, 542. Genseric establishes his kingdom, 543. Their
naval power, iv. 42. Rome plundered by them, 47. Their piracies, 71. Adopt the Arian form of Christianity, 137. Per- secute the Catholics, 138. Usurpation of Gelimer, 140. War of the Eastern empire against him, 370. Success of Belisarius, 380. End of their race, 387. Varagr, pirates of the Baltic, ought not to be confounded with Varangians, vi. 276, note.
Varanes, a worthless general of Honorius, iii. 393.
Varanes, or Bahram, king of Persia, his embassy to Carus, i. 411.
Varanes, or Bahram, son of Jezdegerd, his war with Theodosius II., iii. 519. Varanes, the Persian general. See Bahram. Varangians, the Byzantine body-guard, vi. 202, 206, 277. Said to be English, ib. Probable derivation of the name, 278,
note. Employed by Alexius Comnenus against Robert Guiscard, 328. Said to be English and Danes, ib, 329, note. Defeated by the Normans, 331. Sur- prised by Bohemond at Castoria, 333. Incorrect information of the Byzantines respecting them, 473, note. Assist in the defence of Constantinople, 554, and note.
Varchonites. See Ogors. Varini. See Warini.
Varna, or Warna. See Battles.
Varro, his computation of the era of Rome, i. 246, note.
Varronian, count, father of the emperor Jovian, iii. 44.
Varronian, infant son of Jovian, consul with his father, iii. 63. His subsequent fate, 64.
Varus, Alfenus, a lawyer, who cheated the Mantuans in measuring the lands re- served for them, iii. 474, note. Varus, slaughtered, with three legions, by the Germans, i. 3, and note. Vataces, John Ducas, succeeds Theodore Lascaris, vii. 23. Extends his dominions to the Hadriatic Gulf, 31. His prospe- rous reign, 49.
Vatican Library, formed by pope Nicholas V., vii. 256.
Vaucluse, its grotto and fountain celebrated by Petrarch, vii. 392, and note. Vayvods, hereditary chiefs of the Hunga- rians, vi. 264.
Vegetius, his account of the standard of height for Roman soldiers, ii. 220, note. Describes the relaxation of discipline in the Roman army, iii. 271. Explains the meaning of the drungus, vi. 203, note. And of the cattus, 440, note. Veii. See Sieges.
Velleda, her influence in the Batavian war, i. 289.
Venaissin county, the papal share of the spoil obtained by the crusade against the Albigenses, vií. 380, note. The Water- land of the Rhone, ib.
Venedi, a Celtic tribe, often confounded with Vandals and Wenden, i. 308, note. Join the Goths in their invasion of the Ukraine, 309. Conquered by Hermanric, iii. 128. Were the Avainach, or Water- landers, of the Vistula, iv. 388, note. Wineta their sea-port at the mouth of the Oder, vi. 398, note.
Veneti, or Venetians, early settlers on the banks of the Po, i. 26. Not from Gaul, but from Illyricum, ib., note. Were Avai- nach, or Waterlanders of the Po, Adige, and Brenta, iv. 28, note. Origin of their republic, 29, and note. The islands of Grado and Malamocco receive many fugi- tives, v. 104, and note. In its infant state acknowledged the supremacy of the exarch of Ravenna, 117. Its fleet unites with that of the emperor Alexius
against Robert Guiscard, vi. 338. Pro- gress of its independence, commerce, and power, vi. 539. Alliance with the French nobles for the fourth crusade, 540. Cap- ture of Zara, 544. Of Constantinople, 555, 564. Territories acquired by this enterprise, vii. 5, note; 6, and note. Re- tained a factory in Constantinople after the return of the Greek emperor, vii. 61. Commercial rivalry with Genoa, 110. Naval battle in the Bosphorus, 113. Splendid reception of the emperor John Palæologus, 231. Joined a league against the Turks, 269. Long contests with them in the Morea, 337, note.
Venus, the Bald, origin of a temple to her at Aquileia, i. 234, note. Character of her temples in Phoenicia, ii. 458. The Celestial, her temple at Carthage con- verted into a church, iii. 285. Venusia, burial-place of the Normans, and birth-place of Horace, vi. 340, and note. Veratius amuses himself by insulting inof fensive passengers and paying the fine, v 77.
Verina, widow of the emperor Leo I.,
afflicts the East by her turbulence, iv. 246.
Verona, residence of Theodoric, iv. 269, and
note. See Battles and Sieges. Veronica, a pretended impression of the face of Christ, v. 364.
Verres, his inadequate punishment and subsequent fate, v. 83, and note. Versus Politici, or city verses, opinion of Leo Allatius on them, vi. 232, and note. Verta, a people employed by Sapor in the siege of Amida, ii. 318.
Vertot, Abbé de, his account of Othman's attack on Rhodes, vii. 142, note. Cha- racter of his history, 300, note. Verus, Elius, and the Younger, adopted by Hadrian; their deaths, i. 101. Vespasian, associates Titus with him on the throne, i. 98. His origin, 99, and note. His parsimony, iii. 56, and note. Vespasiana, a province said to have been formed in Britain, i. 6, note. Vestal virgins, the institution supported with difficulty in ancient Rome, ii. 45. Their number and duties, iii. 273. Veterans, Roman, their reward, ii. 220. Liability of their sons to serve, 148, note; 220, note.
Vetranio revolts at the instigation of the princess Constantina, ii. 281. Holds a
conference with Constantius at Sardica, 283. Abdicates and retires to Prusa, 284. Vicars, or vice-prefects, appointed to some Roman provinces, ii. 210.
Vicennalia, the twentieth year of his reign, celebrated by Diocletian at Rome, i. 450, and notes. By Constantine, ii. 252. Victor, master-general of the infantry in Julian's army, iii. 16. Wounded at Cte- siphon, 30. Collects the remains of the
court of Constantius, after Julian's death, 44. Master-general of the cavalry to Valens, 128. Urges him to be cautious in resisting the Visigoths, 184. Escapes at Hadrianople, 187.
Victoria, Mother of the Camps, her in- fluence in Gaul, 370.
Victorinus, a son of Victoria, one of the Thirty Tyrants, i. 343. Slain at Cologne, 369.
Victory, statue and altar of. See Senate. Vigilantia, or Biglenizia, mother of Justi- nian, iv. 285, note. Her objections to his marriage with Theodora, 296. Vigilantius, a Presbyter, the protestant of his age; his controversy with Jerome, iii. 299, and note.
Vigilantius, a worthless general of Hono- rius, iii. 393.
Vigilius, interpreter of the Greek embassy to Attila, iii. 569. Provokes the Huns by his boasting, 570. Proposes to assas- sinate Attila, iii. 578. Confesses the crime, and is dismissed, 579. Vigilius, pope, obtains his throne by a large bribe, iv. 418. Urges Justinian to reconquer Italy, 519. Detained a pri- soner at Constantinople, is compelled to condemn the "Three Chapters," v. 248. Villains, peasants, or servants, attached to the land, in Gaul, iv. 196. In Britain, 227. In the kingdom of Jerusalem, vi. 470.
Villehardouin, Jeffrey of, marshal of Cham- pagne, attended and made a narrative of, the fourth crusade, vi. 537, and notes. Called the Varangians, English, and Danes, 554. Appointed marshal of Ro- mania, and received a lordship in Thrace, vii. 8. Conducted the retreat of the Latin army, after the capture of Bald- win, 16. His fief of Messinople, 18,
Villehardouin, Jeffrey of, the younger, nephew of the above, confounded with his uncle, vii. 9, note. Obtains the prin- cipality of Achaia and the Morea, 19, note. Is made prisoner by Michael Pa- læologus, 32. Vindobona, now Vienna, Julian's embarka-
tion on the Danube, ii. 480. Formerly less important than its neighbour Car- nuntum, iii. 244, note. Vindunissa, its antiquity and successive changes, iv. 163, and note.
Vine, history of its cultivation, i. 69. In- troduced by Probus in Pannonia, 407. Design of Aurelian to plant it in Etruria, iii. 418, note.
Virgil, his fourth Eclogue paraphrased by Constantine into a prediction of Chris tianity, ii. 360, and note. Described in his ninth Eclogue the usurpation of his farm at Mantua, and his personal danger, iii. 471, and note. Mentioned silk (or cotton) in his second Georgic,
iv. 312, and note. Described the Mauri- tanian shepherds, 389, note. Virtha. See Tecrit.
Visandus, his courageous defence of the Gothic standard, iv. 409. Visigoths. See Goths.
Vitalian, pope, appoints Hadrian, and then Theodore, to the see of Canterbury, v. 253, note.
Vitalian, his rebellion against Anastasius, the first religious war, v. 240. Is trea cherously assassinated at a royal banquet, iv. 287.
Vitalianus, Maximin's prætorian prefect, killed, i. 226.
Vitara. See Satraps.
Vitellius, his gluttony, i. 106, note. Viterbo, the frequent residence of the popes, vii. 378. See Sieges.
Vitiges, Gothic king of Italy, iv. 406. Be- sieges Rome, 408. Repulsed by Belisa- rius, 415. Abandons the siege, 421. Besieges Rimini, 422. Retires to Ra- venna, 423. Is besieged by Belisarius, 428. Surrenders, 430. Receives the rank of patrician at Constantinople, with lands in Asia, 431. His embassy while king of Italy, to engage Nushirvan in war against Justinian, 470. Vitruvius describes the loftiness of the houses in Rome, iii. 422, and note. Vivarium, an angle in the wall of Rome, enclosed for wild beasts, iv. 414.
Vizir, origin and meaning of the term, v. 485, and note. The office instituted among the Turks by Orchan, vii. 140. Held but for a short period by the same individual, 202, note,
Voconian law. See Inheritance. Vogul, reduced to the same name as Ugor, vi. 265, note. Volga. See Wolga.
Volocæan marshes. See Pelso. Voltaire ascribes the fame of Constantine's Labarum to his success, ii. 355, note. His account of the preparations for the siege of Turin, iv. 240, note. His de- parture from the truth of history in his tragedy of Mahomet, vi. 501, note. His comparison of Mahomet in his old age, 512, note. His tragedy of Tancrède, v. 157, note. His ignorance of the country of Jaroslaus, 211, note. Volunteers, Thracian peasants, who assisted in recovering Constantinople, vii. 33. Volusianus, son of Gallus, killed, i. 319. Vopiscus Flavius, a writer of the Augus tan History, i. xxxiv. The principal authority for the interregnum after the death of Aurelian, 387. Vortigern, the British prince, iv. 212. Vortimer, his victories and tomb, iv. 220. Vouti, fifth emperor of the Chinese dynasty of the Han, iii. 155.
Vulture augury of Romulus, iv. 41, and note.
Wahab, Abd el, founder of the Wahabys,
Wakidi, Al, his History of the conquest of Syria, vi. 21, note.
Waladimir, said to have sent the Varan- gians to Constantinople, vi. 277. Walamir, the friend of Attila, iii. 555. Uncle of Theodoric the Ostrogoth, iv. 244. Falls in battle, 245. His subjects called Walamirs, submit to Theodoric, 247. Are multiplied by other Gothic swarms, 251.
Wales, retreat of the Britons to its moun- tains, i. 48, note; iv. 219. The Celtic tongue preserved there, 228. See Bards. Walid, caliph, permits Muza to invade Spain, vi. 89. Reinstates Tarik in his command, 97, note. Recalls Muza, 100. His death, 101. Progress of the Saracen arms during his caliphate, 119. Wallachians, their Roman descent, i. 363, note. Numbered among the Slavonian tribes, vi. 258.
Wallia, king of the Visigoths, iii. 470. Re- stores Spain to Honorius, 472. Settles in Aquitain, 473. His death, iv. 5. Walls. See Chersonesus Thracian, China, Picts, Probus, Rome, and Sesostris. Wallus, a British landowner under the Saxons, iv. 227, note.
Walter de Pexejo, leader among the first crusaders, dies in Bulgaria, vi. 414, note. Walter the Pennyless, his nephew, takes the command; his adventures and arrival in Asia, vi. 414, note, His followers cut to pieces by Kilidsch Arslan, 417, and
War, no limitation to its rights, iv. 428, note. Numbers make it lawful and ho- nourable, v. 450, Waradin. See Sieges. Warburton, his Divine Legation of Moses, ii. 26, note. His attack on Synesius, 381, note. His literary character, 534. note. Believed that a supernatural in- terposition prevented the rebuilding of the Temple, 539, note.
Warini, or Varini, a Thuringian tribe; their code, iv. 225, note. Their probable connection with the Varangians, vi. 278, note.
Warna, or Varna. See Battles.
Watson, Dr., his Chemical Essays, vi. 124,
note. Allows the original merit of the Arabians, 149, note.
Wenden, or Wends, a Slavonian tribe, iv. 388, note; 445, note. Remains of them
in the woods of Luneburg, vii. 93, note. See Vandals and Venedi. Werdan, a general of Heraclius, defeated at Aiznadin, vi. 28, and note. Wheat, its price stated by Julian, iii. 6, note. Given to the Goths in Spain, on
their restitution of Placidia, 471. See Corn. Whitaker, his derivation of the name of Ireland in his Genuine History of Britons, i. 5, note. His History of Manchester, iii. 100, note; iv. 212, note. White's Bampton Lectures, vi. 130, note. White Huns. See Huns.
Wighard, archbishop of Canterbury, dies at Rome, v. 253, note.
Wilfrid, the apostle of Sussex, his bene volence, iv. 227. Attends the first Late- ran Council, v. 253, note. William 1., king of Sicily, the Bad, vi. 352. William II., the Good, vi. 353. William II., duke of Normandy (Conque ror of England) erroneously said to be the father of Tancred de Hauteville; the time of his birth, vi. 313, note. William of the Iron Arm, count of Apulia, vi. 308.
Winchester, the seat of a Roman Gyne- cæum, or manufactory, ii. 227, note. Bishop of, see Peter.
Windmills, said to have been brought into Europe from the East, probably invented in the Netherlands, vii. 36, note. Wine, temperate use of it by Augustus, iii. 418, note. Supplied on liberal terms to the people of Rome, 419. Interdicted by Mahomet, v. 479.
Wineta. See Venedi. Wisdom, the Book of. See Solomon. Wisemar, king of the Vandals, or of the
Goths, slain in battle, ii. 264. Witchcraft, the opinions of lawyers respect. ing it, iii. 75, note. The belief in it ridi- culed by the Lombard lawgiver, Rotharis, v. 126. See Magic.
Witheric, infant son of Withimer, saved by Alatheus and Saphrax, iii. 164. Withicab, son of Vadomair, murdered, iii. 95.
Withimer, successor of Hermanric, defeated and slain, iii. 164.
Witiza, king of Gothic Spain, deposed by Roderic, vi. 88. Fate of his family, 102. Wttikind, abbot of Corvey, relates that the
Saxons passed from Britain into Germany, iii. 102, note; iv. 226, note. Vortigern's invitation to them, 213, note. Wolga, or Volga, anciently the Rha; sup- posed to be named from the Bulgarians, iv. 445, note. The plain of Kipzak on its banks, vii. 129, note.
Wolodomir, great duke of Russia, marries Anne, daughter of Romanus, II., v. 326; vi. 210. His conversion to Christianity, and his nuptials celebrated in the city of Cherson, 291.
Women, admitted to sovereign power, but can fill no inferior office, i. 190. The gates of Mahomet's paradise open to them, v. 483. See Females. World, the different assigned dates of its creation, ii. 30, note. See Eras.
Worship, public, the only solid foundation of religious sentiments, iii. 296. Wotton, his reputation unworthily depre- ciated, vi. 149, note.
Xenaias, or Philoxenus, bishop of Hierapolis in Syria, murdered by the Melchites, v. 264, and note.
Xenodochium, the new hospital, erected by the Knights of St. John at Jerusalem, vi. 464, note.
Xenophon, called the Chaboras, the Araxes,
i. 447. (See Reply to the Athenæum, p. 10.) His memory sometimes failed him, iii. 17, note. Description of Meso- potamia, 18. His Cyropædia and Ana- basis compared, 50, note.
Xeres, or Guadalete. See Battles. Xerxes, his bridge of boats over the Helles- pont, ii. 181. Crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus, v. 524, note.
Xiphilin, patriarch of Constantinople, de- ceived by the empress Eudocia, v. 336.
Yamanah, an Arabian city and province, vi. 2, and note. Yathreb, or Jatrippa, the ancient name of Medina, v. 442, note. Yelutchousay, a virtuous mandarin, iii. 560,
Femen, or Arabia Felix, conquered by Nu- shirvan, v. 133. See Arabia. Fermuk, or Hieromax. See Battles. Yezd, its manufactures, vii. 167, note. Yezdegerd III., placed on the throne of Persia instead of Arzema, vi. 10. War with the Saracens, 11. Conquered, 16. His flight, 18. Death, 19. Fate of his family, 20.
Yezid I., succceds his father Moawiyah, as caliph, v. 527. Spares the family of Ali, 530.
Fezid II., ninth caliph of the race of the Ommiades, ordered all images in Christian churches to be destroyed, v. 365, note. Yezid, son of the caliph Walid, and of the daughter of Phirouz, vi. 20, note. Yezid, a colleague of Amrou in the Syrian wars, vi. 47.
Yolande, sister of the counts of Flanders, succeeds as empress of Constantinople, and conveys the crown to her husband Peter of Courtenay, vii. 21. Youkinna, defends Antioch against the Sa- racens, vi. 47. A proselyte to their reli- gion, 48.
Fuen, dynasty of, descendants of Zingis, expelled by the Chinese, vii. 134.
Zabdas, a general of Zenobia, conquered Egypt, i. 375.
Zabdicene, one of the five provinces ceded by Persia, i. 448, note.
Zabergan, the Bulgarian, repulsed by Beli- sarius, iv. 537.
Zachary, pope, deposes Childeric, the last of the Carlovingians, and creates Pepin king of France, v. 387.
Zaleucus, lawgiver of the Locrians, v. 8. and note.
Zama, defeated by Eudes, duke of Aquitain, vi. 128.
Zamolxis, an early Gothic leader, i, 363. Zani, Asiatic mercenaries of Justinian, iv. 486.
Zano, brother of Gelimer, represses the revolt of Sardinia, iv. 377. Returns to Africa, 378. Falls in battle, 379. Zapharan,a monastery of Jacobites, tolerated by the Mahometans, near Merdin, v. 265. Zara. See Sieges.
Zathus, king of Lazica, renews the alliance with the Eastern empire, iv. 484. Zebras. See Onagri.
Zehra, or Azahra, the palace of Abdalrah-
man III., uear Cordova, vi. 141, 142, note. Zeid, a slave of Mahomet, one of his first converts, v. 485. Commands and falls at Zeirides, African Saracens, attacked by Muta, 505. Roger king of Sicily, vi. 344.
Zemzem, the holy well of the Caaba, v. 457. Zend, the ancient language of Persia, i.
Zendavesta, contains the doctrines of Zoro- aster, i. 251; vi. 106.
Zendecan, the Gaznevides defeated there by the Turkmans, vi. 366.
Zenghi, father of Noureddin, takes Edessa, and is murdered by his Mamalukes, vi. 487, and note.
Zenia or Zenastan, China so called by the Armenians, i. 440, note.
Zeno, emperor of the East, his law on the responsibility of governors of provinces, ii. 212, note. His reception of the am- bassadors, who resigned to him the em- pire of the West, iv. 99. The annals of his reign imperfect, 213. His accession, 216. Death, 217. His Henoticon, v. 236, and note.
Zeno, of Apamea, father of Polemon, King
of Pontus, iv. 482, note.
Zeno, the orator of Constantinople, tor- mented by the stratagems of Anthemius, iv. 330.
Zenobia, one of the Thirty Tyrants, i. 343. Queen of Palmyra and the East, 371. Her accomplishments and judicious administration, 372. Attacked by Aure- lian, 374. Defeated and captured, 377. Attends his triumph, 380. Occupies an elegant villa at Tibur as a Roman matron, 381.
Ziebel, chagan of the Chozars, his meeting with Heraclius, v. 188.
Zimisces, John, assists the elevation of Nice-
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