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Rufus the Volsinian,' Annæus Cornutus or Phornutus of Leptis in Africa (the two last expelled from Rome by Nero about 66 A.C.), Charemon of Egypt, who was a preceptor of Nero, Euphrates of Alexandria, Dio of Prusa, or Dio Chrysostom, Basilides and others, we must not forget as having distinguished themselves in moral philosophy or by their

+ SEVIN, Researches concerning the Life and Works of Athenodorus, in the Mem. of the Acad of Inscr. tom. XIII.

J. FR. HOFFMANNI Diss. de Athenodoro Tarsensi, Philosopho Stoico, Lips. 1732, 4to.

We must here take notice of the sect of the Proculians, founded, in the time of Augustus, by Antistius Labeo, and his disciple Semp. Proculus. This sect was formed in opposition to that of the Sabinians, headed by Masurius Sabinus, a disciple of C. Ateius Capito. See JUST. HENNING. BEHMERI Progr. de Philosophiâ Jurisconsultorum Stoicâ, Hal. 1701, 4to.

EVER. OTTONIS, Oratio de Stoicâ veterum Jurisconsultorum Philosophiâ, Duisb. 1714, 4to.

J. SAM. HERING, De Stoicâ veterum Romanorum Jurisprudentiâ, Stettin. 1719.

These three works are collected in that of GOTTLIEB SLEVOIGT, De Sectis et Philosophiâ Jurisconsultorum Opuscc. Jen. 1724, 8vo.

CHR. WESTPHAL, De Stoâ Jurisconsultor. Roman. Rest. 1727, 4to. CHR. FRIED. GEO. MEISTER, Progr. de Philosophiâ Jurisconsultorum Romanorum Stoicâ in Doctrinâ de Corporibus eorumque partibus, Gott. 1756, 4to.

Jo. GODOFR. SCHAUMBURG, De Jurisprud. veterum Jurisconsultorum Stoicâ, Jen. 1745, 8vo.

J. ANDR. ORTLOFF, On the Influence of the Stoic Philos. over the Jurisprudence of the Romans: a Philos. and Jurisprudential Dissert. Erlang. 1787, 8vo.

1+ BURIGNY, Mem. on the Philosopher Musonius, in the Mem. of the Acad. of Inscr. tom. XXXI.

C. Musonii Rufi Reliquiæ et Apothegmata, ed. J. V. PEERLKAMP, Harl. 1822, 8vo.

D. WYTTENBACHII Diss. (resp. NIEWLAND), de Musonio Rufo Philosopho Stoico, Amstel. 1783, 4to.

Four unedited Fragments of the Stoic Philosopher Musonius, translated from the Greek, with an Introduction respecting his Life and Philosophy, by G. H. MOSER, accompanied by the article of CREUZER on this publication, in the Studien, 1810, tom. VI, p. 74.

2 D. MARTINII Disp. de L. ANNEO CORNUTO, Phil. Stoico. Lugd. Bat. 1825, 8vo. To him is attributed the θεωρία περὶ τῆς τῶν θεῶν φύσεως, republished by GALE, Opusc. M. et Ph. p. 137.

3 Both flourished under Trajan and Adrian.

2

practical wisdom, Seneca, Epictetus* of Hierapolis in Phrygia, a slave who preserved nevertheless a free spirit, and who, having been banished from Rome, established a school at Nicopolis in Epirus: Arrian, a disciple of the preceding, whose doctrines he preserved in writing, and Marcus Aure

1 Luc. Ann. Seneca, of Corduba in Spain; the preceptor of Nero. Born about 3, died 65 A.C.

Senecæ Opera, ed. RUнкOPF, Lips. 1797, sqq. 6 vols. 8vo.

Essay on the Life of the Philosopher Seneca, on his Works, and the Reigns of Claudius and Nero, with Notes (by DIDEROT), Paris, 1778. It is to be found also in the collection of his works. and the French translation of Seneca by LA Grange.

+ FEL. NUSCHELER, The Character of Seneca as deduced from his Life and Writings, Zurich, 1783, 8vo. 1 vol.

C. P. CONZ, On the Life and Character of Seneca: as a preface to a translation of the Consolatio ad Helv. etc. Tübing. 1792, 8vo.

Jo. JAC. CZOLBE, Vindiciæ Senecæ, Jen. 1791, 4to.

Jo. ANDR. SCHMIDII Disp. de Senecâ ejusque Theologia, Jen. 1688, 4to. Jo. PH. APINI Disp. de Religione Seneca, Viteb. 1692, 4to.

JUSTI SIBERI Seneca Divinis Oraculis quodammodo consonans, Dresd. 1675, 12mo.

FRIED. CHR. GELPKE, Tractatiuncula de Familiaritate quæ Paulo Apostolo cum Senecâ Philosopho intercessisse traditur verisimillimâ, Lips. 1813, 4to.

CHRIST. FRED. SCHULZE, Prologomena ad Seneca Librum de Vitâ Beatâ, Lips. 1797, 4to.

L. Ann. Seneca, by JOH. GE. CARL KLOTZSCH, Wittemb. 1799, 1802, 2 vols, 8vo.

HENR. AUG. SCHICK, Diss. de Causis quibus Zeno et Seneca in Philosophiâ discrepent, Marb. 1822, 4to.

E. J. WERNER, De Seneca Philosophiâ, Berol. 1825, 8vo.

* KUHNHARDT, Ueber die Hauptmomente der stoischen sittenlehre nach Epiktet's Handbuch. In BOUTERWEK'S Neuem Museum für Philosophie und Litteratur. I und II Band.

2 Epicteti Enchiridium et Arriani Dissert. Epicteteæ; edid. J. SCHWEIGHÆUSER; Epictetæ Philosophiæ Monumenta, etc., Lips. 1799, 1800, 5 vols. 8vo.

The Manual of Epictetus translated into German by LINCK, Nürenb. 1783; and by THIELE, Francf. 1790.

Works of Epictetus, translated by CARTER (Mrs.) Lond. 1758, 4to. 3 Flourished about 90 A C.

4 Flavius Arrianus of Nicomedia, prefect of Cappadocia in 134. Arrian, Conversations of Epictetus with his Disciples, translated, Remarks Historical and Philosophical, and a Brief Exposition of hilosophy of Epictetus, by J. MATH. SCHULZ, Altona, 1801—3, uls. large 8vo.

lius Antoninus, the philosophic emperor,1 and disciple of the Stoic Q. Sextus of Charonea, the grandson of Plutarch. Seneca, who appreciated the truth which he discovered in various systems of philosophy, but principally attached himself to that of the Portico, was one of the first who drew a distinction between a Scholastic and Practical philosophy. The latter he judged the most essential, its primary object being individual Morality (Philosophia Præceptiva.) He gave admirable rules of conduct, after the principles of the Stoics, but betraying at the same time considerable predilection for Exaggeration and Antithesis. Epictetus reduced

+ GILES BOILEAU, Life of Epictetus, and Account of his Philosophy, second edition, revised and corrected, Paris, 1667, 12mo.

M. ROSSAL, Disquisitio de Epicteto qua probatur eum non fuisse Christianum, Gröning. 1708, 8vo.

Jo. DAV. SCHWENDNERI Idea Philosophiæ Epictetæ ex Enchiridio delineata, Lips. 1681, 4to.

CHPH. AUG. HEUMANNI Diss. de Philosophiâ Epicteti, Jen. 1703, 4to. LUD. CHR. CRELLII Diss. II, τὰ τοῦ Ἐπικτήτου ὑπέρσοφα καὶ ἄσοφα, in Doctrinâ de Deo et Officiis erga seipsum, Lips. 1711-16, 4to.

JO. ERD. WALTHERI Diss. de Vitâ regendâ secundum Epictetum, Lips. 1747, 4to.

H. KUHNARDT, On the Principal Points of the Ethics of the Stoics, after the Manual of Epictetus: in the Neues Museum der Philos. und Literatur, published by BOUTERWEK, tom. I, fas. 2; and tom. II, fas. 1. + J. FRANC. BEYER, On Epictetus and his Manual of Stoical Morality, Marb. 1795, 8vo.

1 Became emperor in 161, died 180 A.C.

Antonini Commentarii ad seipsum (εἰς ἑαυτὸν βιβλία δώδεκα), ed. THOM. GATAKER; WOLLE; MORUS; JO. MATH. SCHULZ; Slesv. 1802, sqq., 8vo. Translated into German by the same, with Observations and an Essay on the Philosophy of Antoninus, Schlesw. 1799, 8vo.

BACH, De M. Aurelio imp. philosophante, 1826.

CHPH. MEINERS, De M. Aurelii Antonini ingenio, moribus et scriptis, in Comment. Soc. Gotting. 1784, tom. IV, p. 107.

Cf. C. FR. WALCHII Comm. de Religione M. Aur. Antonini in numinâ celebratâ. Acta Soc. Lat. Jenensis, p. 209.

J. DAV. KOELERI Diss. de Philosophiâ M. Aurel. Antonini in Theoria et Praxi, Alton. 1717, 4to.

Jo. FRANC. BUDDEI Introductio ad Philosophiam Stoicam ad mentem M. Antonini; prefixed to the edition of Antoninus by WOLFF, Leips. 1729, 8vo.

J. W. RECHE, Essay towards a Statement of the Stoic Maxims according to the views of Antoninus: in his translation of Antonin. Francf. 1717, 8vo.

2 Ep. 20. 45. 82. 108.

3 Ep. 94.

4 QUINTIL. Inst. X, 1.

the moral system of the Stoics to a simple formulary, ávexov Kai ȧméxov (sustine et abstine): and assumed as his leading principle, Freedom.

Antoninus imparted to the same system a character of gentleness and benevolence, by making it subordinate to a love of mankind, allied to Religion. These two last are much less decided advocates of suicide than Seneca (§ 165.) About this period a great number of writings of this school proclaimed a more fixed belief in the immortality of the soul. Of the Cynics the most distinguished during the second century were: Demonax of Cyprus, who taught at Athens; Crescens of Megalopolis, and Peregrinus, surnamed Proteus, of Parium in Mysia; who, they say, burnt himself at Olympia about 168 A.Č.

The two last contributed nothing to the cause of Science.1

Peripatetics.

On each of the Philosophers mentioned in this section, consult Suidas, and the first volume of Patricius, a work cited § 139.

183. The Philosophy of Aristotle was not suited to the practical character of the Roman mind, and such as devoted themselves to the study of it, became mere commentators of various merit or demerit. We must account Peripatetics: Andronicus of Rhodes (§ 150), who arranged and expounded at Rome the works of Aristotle; Cratippus of Mitylene, whom Cicero the Younger and several other Romans attended at Athens; Nicolas of Damascus ; Xenarchus of Seleucia, who, as well as the preceding, gave lessons in the time of Augustus; Alexander of Ægæ, one of the preceptors

1 LUCIAN, Demonax, et De morte Peregrini.-Cf. A. GELLIUS, N. A. VIII, 3; XII, 11. 2 Flourished about 80 B.C.

It is thought that he was not really the author of the book Пɛpi Tálшv, ed. HOESCHEL, Aug. Vind. 1594; and the Paraphrase of Aristotle's Ethics, ed. DAN. HEINSIUS, Lugd. Bat. 1607, 4to; 1617, 8vo.; Cantab. 1678, 8vo. 3 Flourished about 48 B.C.

FRANC. SEVIN, Inquiry concerning the Life and Works of Nicolas Damascenus, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions; and the Fragments of Nicolas Damascenus, published by ORELLI, Lips. 1804; Suppl. 1811, 8vo. Some critics have attributed to him, without sufficient grounds, the book IIɛpì кóσμov, found among the works of Aristotle.

of Nero;1 Adrastus of Aphrodisias; and more especially the celebrated commentator Alexander of Aphrodisias,3* the disciple of Herminus and Aristocles, who taught at Alexandria, and who founded a special exegetical school which bore his name. In his work On the Soul he departed from Aristotle, and taught that the soul is not a special substance (ovoia), but simply a form of the organized body (ειδός τί τοῦ σώματος οργανικού), and consequently that it could not be immortal; and in his Treatise on Destiny he attacked the Fatalism of the Stoics, which he declared irreconcileable with morality. Among the Syncretic Peripatetics may be mentioned Ammonius of Alexandria, who taught at Athens; Themistius of Paphlagonia; Syrianus and Simplicius. (See § 219). The commentaries of the latter, next to those of Alexander of Aphrodisias, are the most distinguished production of these schools.

New Pythagoreans.

184. Pythagoras, whose reputation and even whose philosophy had long been familiar to the Romans, had at the

1 To him are attributed the Commentaries on the Meteorologics and Metaphysics of Aristotle, which by others are assigned to Alexander Aphrodisiensis. 2 Second century after Christ.

3 At Venice and Florence there were printed, in the sixteenth century, in a separate form, the different Commentaries attributed to him, on the following works of Aristotle :

The Analytica Priora, the Topics, the Elenchi Sophistarum, the books De Sensu et Sensibili, the Physics, with the treatises De Animâ, and De Fato (Περὶ εἰμαρμένης καὶ τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν).

Cf. CASIRI Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp., vol. I, p. 243, for the works of Alexander of Aphrodisias.

*Called, by way of eminence, the Commentator (¿1⁄2nyníǹe).

4 Surnamed the Alexandrians and Alexandrists. He differed from Aristotle in his doctrine respecting the soul.

5 In the first century. Plut. de E apud Delph. ed. REISKE, tom. vii, p. 512, sqq., et tom. VI, p. 260.

6 His various commentaries on the works of Aristotle (especially his physical treatises) were published at Venice, at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries.

His Comment. on the Manual of Epict. has been given by SCHWEIGH. Monum. Epict. Phil. tom. IV.

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