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Adrian Heerebord, and more particularly Arnold Geulinx of Antwerp. From the principles of Descartes, the last derived the doctrine of Occasional Causes (Systema causarum occasionalium-Occasionalismus), which supposed the Deity to be the actual cause of the motions of the body and affections of the mind, the soul and the limbs merely affording the means of their development. This notion was extended and explained by Balthazar Becker, Volder, Malebranche, and Spinoza. Geulinx added to this strange doctrine a purer system of morality, and maintained that the main defect of ancient and modern systems of Ethics was the encouragement afforded by them to Self-love; and made Virtue to consist in a pure love of and devotion to the injunctions of practical Reason (amor effectionis non affectionis); or, in other words, in obedience to God and to Reason, for the sake of Reason itself. The characteristics of Reason thus contemplated he pronounced to be attention (diligentia), docility (obedientia), conformity to moral obligations (justitia), and a disregard of all other goods (humilitas). Though his ideas on Morals were often admirable for their truth and refinement, they did not meet with much success; partly because they were entangled with his doctrine of Occasionalism; and partly because the foundations on which they should rest were not perfectly established; added to which they prescribe nothing but a blind submission to the Divine will, to such a degree as almost to take away the free exercise of Reason. Balthazar Becker,2

JOH. CLAUBERGII Opera Philosophica, Amstelod. 1691, 4to. Logica Vetus et Nova. Ontosophia, de Cognitione Dei et Nostri, Duisb. 1656, 8vo. Initiatio Philosophi, seu Dubitatio Cartesiana, 1655; Mulh. 1667, 12mo.

1 Born at Antwerp about 1625; died 1669.

ARNOLDI GEULINX, Logica Fundamentis suis, a quibus hactenus collapsa fuerat, restituta, Lugd. Bat. 1662, 12mo.; Amstelod. 1698, 12mo. Metaphysica Vera et ad mentem Peripateticorum, Amstelod. 1691, 12mo. гvõi σεavтóv, sive Ethica, Amstel. 1665, Lugd. Bat. 1675, 12mo. ed. PHILARETHUS, Amstel. 1696, 12mo.; 1709, 8vo. Annotata præcurrentia ad R. Cartesii Principia, Dordraci, 1690, 4to. Annotata Majora ad Principia Philosophiæ R. Descartes; accedunt Opuscula Philosophica ejusdem auctoris, Dordraci, 1691, 4to.

2 Born in West Friesland, 1634; died 1698.

Besides the work of his already mentioned (bibliography § 331); he wrote the Betoverte Wereld, or Enchanted World (Dutch), Leuwarden,

taking for his ground the doctrines of Occasionalism and the Spiritualism of Descartes, denied that men were capabio of being influenced by the agency of Spirits; and in particular attacked the opinions then prevalent in favour of sorcery and witchcraft; which cost him his employment. On the other hand Pierre Poiret, at first a Cartesian, then a Mystic, tried to deduce from the principles of Descartes a proof of the immediate agency of God and of spiritual beings on the mind of man. * Several theologians and philosophers endeavoured to reconcile the Cartesian system to Revealed Religion, and defended or explained it in writings artly didactic and partly polemical. Among others may be enumerated J. Coccejus, Christopher Wittich, Gerard de Vries, Hermann Alex. Roëll, and Ruard Andala.o

1690; Amsterd. 1691-93, 4 vols. 4to. WILH. HEINR. BECKER, Schediasma critico-literarium de Controversiis B. Bekkero ob librum Die bezauberte Welt motis, Königsb. et Leipz. 1721, 4to. See the Life, Opinions, and Fortunes of B. BECKER, by J. M. SCHWAGER, Leipz. 1780, 8vo.

1 Born at Mentz, 1646; died 1719 (See §§ 330, 340).

P. POIRET, Economie Divine, 1647, 7 vols. 8vo. Cogitationes de Deo, Animâ, et Malo, Amstelod. 1677-1685-1715, 4to.

*Poiret has been of service to the cause of truth in drawing up a ist of those remarkable characters in the history of the Church who have laid claim to, or adduced evidence of special spiritual illumination.-ED.

3 Born at Brieg 1625; died 1687.

2 Died 1669. CHRISTOPHER WITTICH, Consensus Sanctæ Scripturæ cum Veritate Philosophiæ Cartesianæ, Neomag. 1659, 8vo. Theologia Pacificata. Lugd. Bat. 1675, 4to. Annotationes, in quibus Methodi celeb. Philosophi succincta notitia redditur, Dordr. 1688, 4to. Anti-Spinoza, seu Examen Ethices Bened. de Spinoza, Amstel. 1690, 4to.

4 GER. DE VRIES (see § 336, note 1). Exercitationes Rationales de Deo Divinisque perfectionibus; necnon Philosophemata Miscellanea, Traj. 1685, 4to. Edit. nova, ad quam præter alias accedit Diatribe singularis gemina, altera de Cogitatione ipsa mente, altera de Ideis rerum Innatis, Ultraj. 1695, 4to.

5 He was professor of Theology at Franeker and Utrecht, and died 1718.

HERM. ALEX. ROELL, Dissert. de Religione Naturali, Franeq. 1686, folio. Disputationes Philosophica de Theologia Naturali duæ, de Ideis Innatis una; Ger. de Vries Diatribe opposite; fourth edition, Franeq. 1700, 8vo.; Ultraj. 1713.

6 Born in Friesland 1665; professor of Theology at Franeker; died

II. Spinoza.

His works: BENEDICTI DE SPINOZA Renati Descartes Principiorum Philosophiæ pars prima et secunda More Geometrico demonstratæ Accesserunt ejusdem Cogitata Metaphysica, in quibus difficiliores, quæ tam in parte Metaphysicæ generali quam speciali occurrunt Quæstiones brevitur explicantur, Amstel. 1663, 2 vols. 4to. Tractatus Theologico-Politicus continens Dissertationes aliquot, quibus ostenditur Libertatem Philosophandi non tantum salva Pietate et Reipublicæ Pace posse concedi, sed eandem nisi cum Pace Reipublicæ ipsaque Pietate tolli non posse, Hamb. (Amsterd.) 1670, 4to. Under various fictitious titles: DAN. HEINSII Operum Historicum collectio prima. Ed. II, priori multo emendatior et auctior, Lugd. Bat. 1675, 8vo. HENRIQUEZ DE VILLACORTA, M.D. a cubiculo Philippi IV, Caroli II, Archiatri, Opera Chirurgica Omnia, sub auspiciis potentissimi Hispaniarum Regis, Amstel. 1673, 8vo.; 1697, 8vo. In French; La Clef du Sanctuaire, par un savant homme de notre siècle, Leyde, 1678, 12mo. Traité des Cérémonies superstitieuses des Juifs, tant Anciennes que Modernes, Amsterd. 1678, 12mo. Réflexions Curieuses d'un Esprit désintéressé sur les Matières les plus importantes au Salut, tant public que particulier, Cologne, 1678, 12mo.

Annotationes BEN. DE SPINOZA ad Tractatum Theologico-Politicum, ed CHR. THEOPH. DE MURR, Hag. Com. 1802, 4to.

BENED. DE SPINOZA Opera Posthuma, Amstel. 1677, 4to. (containing: Ethica, Tractatus Politicus, de Intellectus emendatione Epistolæ).

BENED. DE SPINOZA Opera quæ supersunt omnia, ed. H. EBERH. GOTTLOB PAULUS, Jen. 1802, 1803, 2 vols. 8vo. with a Biography.

RENATI DESCARTES et BENEDICTI DE SPINOZA præcipua Opera, philos. recognovit, notitias historico-philosophicas adjecit, K. RIEDEL. Vol. I, Cartesiæ Meditationes; Spinoza Dissertationes philosophica. Vol. II, Spinoza Ethica, Lips. 1843.

Ejus Opera philosophica omnia, edid. præfat. adjecit, A. GFRÖRER, Stuttg. 1830-31.

Works on Spinoza and his Doctrines.

C. MATTHIAS, Ben. Spinoza Doctrina, ex Ethica ejus recensita, Dis sert. inaug. Marb. 1829.

JOHN COLERUS, Life of Spinoza, etc. etc. Originally published in Dutch, Utrecht, 1697; in French, The Hague, 1706, 8vo.; in German, Francof. and Leips. 1733, 8vo.

RU. ANDALA, Syntagma Theologico-Physico-Metaphysicum, Franeq. 1710, 4to. Cartesius verus Spinozismi eversor et Physicæ Experimentalis architectus, Ibid. 1719. In answer to J. REGIUS, Cartesius versus Spinozismi architectus: Leovard. 1718. Exercitationes Academicæ in Philosophiam Primam et Naturalem, in quibus Philosophia Cartesii explicatur, confirmatur, et vindicatur, Franeq. 1709, 4to. Examen Ethicæ Geulinxii, Ibid. 1716, 4to. Questiones Physicæ, 1720. Apologia pro Vera et Saniore Philosophia, etc.

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Réfutations des Erreurs de BENOIT DE SPINOZA, par M. FENELON, par le P. LAMY, et par le COMTE DE BOULAINVILLIERS, avec la Vie de Spinoza, écrite par M. JEAN COLERUS, augmentée de beaucoup de particularités tirées d'une Vie Manuscrite (from the next book), de ce Philosophe; faite par un de ses amis, Bruxelles, 1731, 12mo.

La Vie et l'Esprit de M. BENOIT DE SPINOZA, Amsterd. 1719, 8vo. The author was a physician named Lucas or Vraese, councillor of the Court of Brabant at the Hague. Only seventy copies of a very limited edition were offered for sale, at a very high price; which caused a number of MS. copies to be taken. The second part was burnt, but the biographical part (also very scarce) was published under this title: La Vie de Spinoza par un de ses Disciples: nouvelle édition non tronquée, etc. Hamb. 1735, 8vo.

H. FR. VON DIETZ, Ben. von Spinosa nach Leben und Lehren, Dess. 1783, 8vo.

M. PHILIPSON, Leben Ben. von Spinosa, Braunschw. 1790, 8vo. (nach Colerus).

JARIGES, Ueber das System des Spinosa und über Bayle's Erinnerungen dagegen in der Histoire de l'Acad. des Sciences de Berlin a. 1740, und in Hissmann's Magazin, 5. Bd. S. 5 ff.

FR. H. JACOBI, Ueber die Lehre des Spinoza, in Briefen an Hrn. Moses Mendelssohn, Bresl. 1785; 2te Auflage, 1789, 8vo., und in Jacobi's Schriften, 4 Bde. I. Abth. MOSES MENDELSSOHN, Morgenstunden (see § 381, etc.): An die Freunde Lessing's, ein Anhang zu Jacobi's Briefwechsel, Berl. 1786, 8vo. F. H. JACOBI, wider M. Mendelssohns Beschuldigungen, Leipz. 1786. (MATH. CLAUDIUS) Zwei Recensionen in Sachen Lessing, M. Mendelssohn und Jacobi, Hamb. 1786. Ueber MENDELSSOHN'S Darstellung der Spinozistischen Philosophie; in Cæsar's Denkwürdigkeiten, 4 B. K. H. HEYDENREICH, Animadversiones in Mosis Mendelii filii Refutationem placitorum Spinosa scripsit, Lips. 1786, 4to. Derselbe: Natur und Gott nach Spinosa, B. (mit Auszugen aus der oben angegebenen Vie von Lucas), Leipz. 1789, 8vo.

Gott einige Gespräche; von J. G. HERDER, Gotha, 1787, 8vo.

D. G. S. FRANCKE, Preisschr. über die neuern Schicksale des Spinozismus und seinen Einfluss auf die Philosophie überhaupt, und die Vernunfttheologie insbesondere, Schleswig, 1812, 8vo.

ERN. STIEDENROTH, Nova Spinozismi delineatio. Gött. 1817, 8vo. LUD. BOUMANN, Explicatio Spinozismi. Diss. inaugural. Berol. 1828, 8vo.

C. ROSENKRANZ, De Spinoza Philos. Diss., Hal. et Lips. 1828, 8vo. FR. KELLER, Spinoza und Leibnitz, über die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens, Erlang. 1847.

338. The Jew Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza, or Spinosa, entered into the speculative views of the Cartesian School with all the originality of a profound and penetrating genius. He was born at Amsterdam, 1632, and even in his childhood distinguished himself for his arccat love of the knowledge

of truth. His doubts with respect to the authority of the Talmud, and his frame of mind, devout, but free from superstition, rendered him indifferent to the ceremonial service of his fellow-believers, and were the means of bringing upon him many persecutions. Concealed in the houses of some charitable Christians, he applied himself to the study of Latin and Greek, Mathematics and Metaphysics, especially those of Descartes, the clearness and simplicity of whose system attracted his attention, without being able to satisfy the depth of his genius. After having devoted his life to tranquil thought, pursued in retirement, he died at the Hague, A. D. 1677, with the reputation of an estimable man and a distinguished philosopher. Spinoza made it his principle to admit nothing to be true, which he could not recognize on sufficient grounds; and endeavoured to found a system which should deduce the fundamental principles of moral life by strictly Mathematical demonstrations, founded on the knowledge of God. To this end he called his system one of Ethics. These strictly scientific aims carried him into the highest region of speculation, and gradually led him to the remarkable theory proposed also by Descartes,' which asserts the existence of only one Absolute Essence,-—(the Deity), Infinite Being, with Infinite Attributes of Extension and Thought, reducing all finite beings to the state of apparent substances, and limitations or modi of those Attributes. Substance is not an individual being, but the foundation and substratum of all individual beings: it never has begun to be, but exists per se and of necessity, and can only be thought by itself (see Eth. P. I, prop. 5). Nothing can be said to have a beginning but finite objects, or the mutable limitations of the Attributes of Infinity: in this manner from the attribute of Infinite Extension arises the modification of Motion and Repose; from that of Infinite Thought, those of the Understanding and Will. Infinite Extension is, on the same principle, the ultimate element of all finite corporeal objects, and Absolute or Infinite Thought, of all finite thinking beings. The primordial ElementsInfinite Extension and Infinite Thought-are mutually re

1 1 H. C. W. SIGWART, Ueber den Zusammenhang des Spinozismus mit der Cartesianischen Philosophie, Tübing. 1816, 8vo.

H. RITTER, Ueber den Einfluss Descartes, auf die Ausbildung des Spinozismus, Leipz. 1816, 8vo.

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