people at large. It is impossible to define with accuracy the progress which the priests may have made in the above sciences; but, previous to their intercourse with the Greeks, we cannot conclude them to have been possessed of any high degree of mental cultivation.

After the foundation of the Græco-Egyptian kingdom, the civilization of the two races was combined; and this circumstance renders yet more difficult any explanation of the mysteries of the ancient esoteric doctrines, and the former habits of the original inhabitants.

The Hebrews.

See the books of the Old Testament; the Introductions to the Old Testament by EICHHORN, DE WELTE, and others; and the Commentaries on each book, as for instance those on Job, Proverbs, and the Prophets in general.

FLAVII JOSEPHI Opera, ed. HAVERKAMP. Amstel. 1726, 2 vols. folio. PHILONIS JUDÆI Opera, ed. MANGEY, 2 vols. fol. Lond. 1742.

Jos. FR. BUDDÆI, Introd. ad Histor. Philos. Hebræor. Hala, 1702, 8vo. Edit. emendata, 1721.

FRIED. ANDR. WALTHER, History of the Philosophy of the Ancient Hebrews, Gött. 1750, 4to.

W. WARBURTON's Divine Legation of Moses, new edition, Lond. 1756, 5 vols. 8vo. Supplement, 1788, 8vo.

Jos. FR. JERUSALEM, Letters on the Books and the Philosophy of Moses, Brunswick, 1762, 8vo. and 1783.

Jos. DAV. MICHAELIS, The Mosaic Law, Francf. on the M. 17701775, 6 vols. 8vo. New edition, 1775 and 1803.

J. F. KLENKER, Writings of Solomon, 3 vols. 8vo., Riga, 1778-86. Doctrine of Jesus the son of Sirach, expounded by LINDE, with a treatise of H. NIEMEYER, Leipz. 1782; second edition, 1795.

+ W. A. TELLER, Theodicé of the first Ages, etc. Jena, 1802, 8vo. C. A. LINDEMANN, On the Book of Job, Wittenb. 1811, 8vo. JUL. FRID. WINZER, De Philos. Morali in libro Sapientiæ, quæ vocatur Salomonis, expositâ, Viteb. 1811, 4to.

C. FRID. STAUDLIN, Commcnt. de Prophetar. Hebræor. Doctrinâ Morali, Gött. 1798, 4to.

+ J. JAHN'S Bibl. Archæology, Vienna, 1796; second edition, 1817-18.

LAZ. BEN DAVID, On the Religion of the Hebrews before Moses, Berlin, 1812, 8vo.

+ PHIL. BUTTMANN, Dissertation on the two first Mythi of the Mosaic History, etc. in the Berliner Monatsschrift, 1804, Nos. III and IV; and 1811, No. III.

+ PHIL. BUTTMANN, On the Mythos of the Deluge, Berlin, 1812, 8vo. UMBREIT. Koheleth scepticus De Summo Bono, Götting. 1820, 8vo. Jest's Geschichte der Israeliten.

73. The Hebrews or Israelites have transmitted to us, in their sacred writings, which belong to different periods, the most ancient philosophical dogmas on the creation of the world, on the providence that governs it, and on the origin of sin by the fall of the first man: lastly, they have traced out a very distinct system of monotheism. The writings of Moses contain ideas and maxims of wisdom, but no system. The book of Job is a didactic poem. Their kings, David and Solomon, were men of great experience and of great practical wisdom. They, as well as the prophets, have treated chiefly of morality under gnomical and sententious forms. But it was only at a later period that the Jews attended to philosophy properly so called. (See § 195.)

The Phoenicians.

SANCHONIATHO, and the authors who wrote upon him. Fragments of Books attributed to him in EUSEB. Præparat. Evangel. I, 10.

SANCHONIATHO, Phoenician History, translated from the first book of Eusebius, etc. with a continuation, etc. by ERATOSTHENES Cyrenæus ; with historical and chronological remarks by R. CUMBERLAND, Lond. 1720, 8vo.

H. DODWELL'S Appendix concerning Sanchoniathon's Phoenician History, Lond. 1691, 8vo.

D. J. BAIER, De Phoenicibus eorumque studiis et inventis, Jena, 1709, 4to.

J. MICH. WEINRICH, De Phoenicum Litteraturâ, Meininge, 1744, 4to. See also HEEREN (Ideen, etc. I, 2), and † MUNTER, Religion of the Carthaginians, Copenh. 1821, with + BELLERMANN, On the Phoenician and Punic Coinage, Berlin, 1812-16.

74. The Phoenicians, a commercial people, served, through their continual intercourse with other nations, to disseminate widely a knowledge of the discoveries effected in the arts and sciences. Nevertheless, their mercantile habits restricted' their own knowledge to the maritime art and the mathematics. The history and the doctrines of Sanchoniatho and of Ochus (Mochus, Moschus), are, at the present time, matters of much dispute. The cosmogonies attributed to them, as well as the popular religion of the Phoenicians, are eminently material. Posidonius, the Stoic, cites Moschus as the first inventor of the doctrine of atoms. See SEXT. EMPIR. adv. Mathem. IX, 363; and STRABO, Geog. XVI, p. 757.

1 PLATO, De Repub. IV, p. 359.

2 About 1200 B.C (?).

75. First Civilization of the Greeks, their Mythical and Poetical Traditions.

See, above, § 38, 1, b.

DE PAUW, Recherches Philosophiques sur les Grecs, Berlin, 1787, 4 vols. 8vo. (An English translation, 2 vols. 8vo. 1793).

+ BARTHELEMY, Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce.

MULLER'S History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, 2 vols. 8vo. Oxford, 1830.

J. D. HARTMANN, Essay towards a History of the Civilization of the principal Nations of Greece, Lemgo, 1796, 1800, 2 vols. 8vo. CHRIST. GOTTLOB HEYNE, De causis Mythorum veterum Physicis, in Opusc. Acad. tom. I.

+C. FR. CREUZER, Symbolik (above § 66).

+ F. W. J. SCHELLING, On the Mythi, Traditions, and Philosophical Maxims of the first epochs of the World; in the Memorabilien of PAULUS, No. V.

+ H. E. G. PAULUS, Chaos a Poetic Fable, and not an Era of physical cosmology. In his Memorabilien, No. V.

FR. AST, On the Chaos of the Greeks, in the Journal of Arts and Science, 1808, vol. I, part 2.

Greece was gradually rescued from barbarism, and advanced to a state of civilization, by the means of foreigners. Colonies from Egypt, Phoenicia, and Phrygia, introduced inventions and arts, such as agriculture, music, religious hymns, fabulous poems, and mysteries. It cannot be doubted that, in like manner, a great number of religious opinions and ideas must have migrated from Egypt to Greece. The only question is the degree of influence we should allow to these adventitious materials, the manner in which they became naturalized in their new country, and how far they were lost, or not, in the civilization and mental culture which they contributed to form. It is true that the Greeks

possessed not only a rare aptitude for civilisation, but also a high degree of mental originality, the consequence of which necessarily was, that whatever inventions and ideas they acquired from foreign nations speedily assumed among them a new and original character; the more so, because there was no sacerdotal race, no division into castes, no despotic authority to obstruct the advances of society, the development of the mental powers, and the perfectibility of the mind's products.

The religion of the Greeks, notwithstanding the sensible forms which it assumed in most of its mythi (the meaning of which was indeterminate), presented a substance to

engage and exercise the curiosity of the human mind. The poets laid hold on these materials, and employed them with genial Art. By these latter a sort of æsthetic-spiritual culture was established, which served as an introduction to scientific culture. Among those who in this respect exerted the greatest influence, was Orpheus ;' by his religious hymns, his imaginations respecting cosmogony; by the introduction of mysteries, and by certain moral precepts. Musaus, by his poetic description of the region of the dead,-Homer, by his national epic poems, which present us with a lively aud faithful picture of the manners of ancient Greece, and contain besides a multitude of mythological recitals, 1 About 1250 B.C (?).

4

2 Editions of Orpheus; those of ESCHENBACH, Traj. ad Rhen. 1689; GESNER, Lips. 1764; SCHNEIDER, Jena, 1803; HERMANN, Lips. 1805.

De Orpheo atque de Mysteriis Ægyptiorum, auctore K. LYCKE, Hafnia, 1786, 8vo. Cf. Jos. GOTTLOB SCHNEIDER, Analecta Critica, Trajecti ad Viadrim, 1777, 8vo. (Fasc. I, sec. 4.) WAGNER, Mythol. sec. 344, sqq.

C. A. LOBECK, De Carminibus Orphicis, Diss. I, Regiomont. 1824. G. H. BOTHE, Orpheus Poetarum Græcorum antiquissimus, Götting. 1825.

On the Mysteries, see EUSEB. Præpar. Evan. II, 3, p. 61; MEINER'S Verm. Phil. Schriften, Th, III, § 164, ff; S. CROIX, Recherches Hist. et Critiques sur les Mystères, 2nd edition, ed. DE SACY, 2 vols, Paris, 1817; OUVAROF, Essay on the Mysteries of Eleusis, Strasbourg, 1816; and LOBECK, De Mysteriorum Græcorum Argumentis, Diss. I, III, Regiomont. 1820, 4to; with the Mythological works of CREUZEr, Baur, and Voss, mentioned above.

3 About 1000 B.C (?).

4 CHR. GLOB. HEYNE, De Origine et Causis Fabularum Homericarum. Nov. Comment. Soc. Scient. Gött. vol. VII.

+ J. F. ROTHE, On Homer's Idea of a Supreme Deity, Görlitz, 1768, 4to.

C. BÖTTIGER, Quam vim ad religionis cultum habuerit Homeri lectio apud Græcos? Guben. 1790.

C. GUIL. HALBKART, Psychologia Homerica, Züllichau, 1796, 8vo. K. H. W. VÖLCKER, On the vxy and ïdwλov of the Iliad and Odyssey, etc. Giessen, 1825, 4to.

FR. GUIL. STURZ, De Vestigiis Doctrinæ de Animi Immortalitate in Homeri Carminibus, Prolusiones I-III, Gera, 1794-1797, 4to.

J. FRED. DELBRUCK, Homeri religionis quæ ad bene beateque vivendum fuerit vis? Magdeb. 1797, 8vo.

J. D. SCHULZE, Deus Mosis et Homeri comparatus, Lips. 1799, 4to. ✦ FRAGUIER, On the Gods of Homer; in the Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. tom. IV.

GUST. GADOLIN. De Fato Homerico. Aboæ, 1800. 8vo.

Hesiod,' by the collection he made of the sacred mythi (forming a system of theogony and cosmogony,) and by originating a great number of new ideas on morals,2Epimenides of Crete, and Simonides of Ceos, with the lyric and gnomic poets, and the authors of fables (Esop), belong to the same class, as having rendered to their country the like services.5

Practical and Gnomical Wisdom.

C. G. HEYNE, De Zaleuci et Charondæ Legibus atque Institutis. In his Opusc. Academ. tom. II.

On the Legislation of Solon and Lycurgus, in the Thalia of SCHILLER, 1790, No. XI.

Jo. FR. BUDDEI Sapientia Veterum, h. e. Dicta illustriora Septem Græciæ Sapientum explicata, Hala, 1699, 4to.

+ C. AUG. HEUMANN, On the Seven Sages; in the Acta Philosoph. No. X.

+ IS. DE LARREY, History of the Seven Sages, 2 vols. Rotterdam, 1713--16, 8vo. augmented by the remarks of DELABARRE DE BEAUMARCHAIS, The Hague, 1734, 2 vols. 8vo. (French).

Jo. FR. WAGNER, De fontibus Honesti apud Homerum, Luneb. 1795, 4to. 1 About 800 B.C.

2 HEINSII Introductio in Hesiodi Opera et Dies, in qua Hesiodi philosophia exponitur; (in his edition of Hesiod, Lugd. Bat. 1613).

+L. WACHLER, On the Notions of Hesiod respecting the Gods, the World, Man, and his Duties, Rinteln, 1789, 4to.

+ WAGNER, Homer and Hesiod, Sulzb. 8vo.

CH. GLOB. HEYNE, De Theogonia ab Hesiodo condita; in the Nov Comment. Soc. Gött. vol. VIII.

CHPH. ARZBERGER, Adumbratio doctrinæ Hesiodi de origine Rerum, Deorumque Natura, Erlang. 1794, 8vo.

+ Letters on Hesiod, by CREUZER and G. HERMANN, Leips. 1818, 8vo. C. G. EISSNER, The Theogony of Hesiod, Leips. 1823, 8vo. 3+C. F. HEINRICH, Epimenides of Crete, Leips. 1805, 8vo.

PET. GERH. DUKERI, Diss. de Simonide Ceo, poetâ et philosopho, Ultrajecti, 1768, 4to.

4 See the article SIMONIDES in BAYLE'S Dictionary.

5 ULR. ANDR. RHODE, De Veterum Poetarum Sapientiâ Gnomicâ, Hebræorum imprimis et Græcorum, Hafnia, 1800, 8vo.

J. CONR. DURII Diss. de reconditâ Veterum Sapientiâ in Poetis, Altdorf. 1655, 4to.

EL. WEIHENMAIERI Diss. de Poetarum Fabulis Philosophiæ involucris, Ulmæ, 1749, 4to.

CHR. GLOB. HEYNE, Prog. quo disputantur nonnulla de Efficaci ad Disciplinam publicam privatamque vetustissimorum Poetarum doctrina morali, Götting. 1764, 4to.

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