ON THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE ANABASIS. vii næus, besides the grammarians and lexicographers, Hesychius, Pollux, Harpocration, and Ammonius. But no decisive opinion can be pronounced. The statement of Plutarch, which he gives, not as a conjecture of his own, but as a matter of general belief in his day, and which is supported by Tzetzes and his Scholiast, may induce many readers, if not the majority, to suppose, with Weiske1 and Kühner, that there was probably but one Anabasis, that which we now have, and which, though the work of Xenophon, was, for whatever reasons on the part of the author, sent into the world as the composition of Themistogenes. The attractions of the subject, as Dr. Smith2 observes, might have induced more than one or two persons to write upon it. Of the other work translated in this volume, no doubt has been expressed that Xenophon was the author. It shows what were the habits and conversation of him who taught that To know That which before us lies in daily life Is the prime wisdom; who brought philosophy down from heaven to dwell with men; and who was pronounced the wisest of men by the Delphic oracle, "because he judiciously made choice of human nature for the object of his thoughts, an inquiry into which as much exceeds all other learning, as it is of more consequence to adjust the true nature and measures of right and wrong, than to settle the distances of the planets, and compute the time of their circumvolutions."3 His doctrine was, Ταῦτ ̓ εἰδως, σοφὸς ἴσθι· μάτην δ' Επίκουρον ἔασον On life, on morals, be thy thoughts employed; He gave indeed, it may be thought, too little encouragement to investigations in physical science. How far he recommended that mathematical studies should be pursued, be seen in B. iv. c. 7. The best specimen of Socratic reasoning in the Memorabilia is the philosopher's conversation with Euthydemus in B. iv. c. 2. may 1 Tractat. de æstimandâ Cyri Exped. p. xvii. seqq. 2 Note on Xen. Hellen. iii. 1. 3 Spectator, No. 408. Automedon. Anthol. Gr. Rambler, No. 180. XENOPHON'S ANABASIS, OR EXPEDITION OF CYRUS. BOOK I.-CHAPTER I. Parentage of Cyrus the Younger. After the death of his father he is aecused of plotting against his brother Artaxerxes, who imprisons him, but releases him on the intercession of his mother, and sends him back to his province, where he secretly collects forces, of which a large proportion are from Greece, to make war on his brother. 3 1. OF Darius1 and Parysatis were born two sons,2 the elder Artaxerxes, and the younger Cyrus. After Darius had fallen sick, and suspected that the end of his life was approaching, he was desirous that both of his sons should attend him. 2. The elder then happened to be present; Cyrus he sent for from the province of which he had made him satrap. He had also appointed him commander of all the forces that muster in the plain of Castolus.4 'Darius II., surnamed Nothus, who reigned from B. c. 423 to B. C. 404, the year in which Cyrus went up to Babylon. 2 Several children of his are mentioned by Plutarch, Life of Artax. c. i. 27. 3 Afterwards Artaxerxes II., surnamed Mnemon; he began his reign B. c. 405. Εἰς Καστωλοῦ πεδίον.] In each of the provinces of the Persian empire, certain open places, plains or commons, were appointed for the assembly and review of troops. See i. 2. 11; 9.7; Hellen. i. 43. Heeren, Ideen, vol. ii. p. 486. Castolus is mentioned as a city of Lydia by Stephanus of Byzantium. Kühner. Cyrus accordingly went up, taking with him Tissaphernes as a friend, and having also with him three hundred heavy-armed Greeks, and Xenias of Parrhasia,2 their captain. 3. But when Darius was dead, and Artaxerxes was placed upon the throne, Tissaphernes brought an accusation against Cyrus before his brother, saying that he was plotting against him. Artaxerxes was induced to give credit to it, and had Cyrus arrested, with the intention of putting him to death; but his mother, having begged his life, sent him back to his province. 3 4. When Cyrus had departed, after being thus in danger and disgrace, he began to consider by what means he might cease to be subject to his brother, and make himself king, if he could, in his stead. Parysatis, their mother, was well disposed towards Cyrus, as she loved him better than Artaxerxes, who was on the throne. 5. Whatever messengers from the king came to visit him, he let none of them go till he had inclined them to be friends to himself, rather than the monarch. He also paid such attention to the Barbarians 6 that were with him, that they were in a condition to take the field, and well inclined towards himself. 6. His Greek force he collected as secretly as he could, that he might surprise the king as little prepared as possible. Whatever He collected troops in the following manner. garrisons he had in his towns, he sent orders to the commanders of them to procure respectively as many Peloponnesians as they could, of the best class of soldiers, on pretence that Tissaphernes was forming designs upon those towns. 1 Τῶν Ἑλλήνωνὁπλίτας—τριακοσίους.] Three hundred of the Greeks that were in his pay, or of such as he could then procure. 2 A city and district in the south-western part of Arcadia. 3 Yπñруε τ Kúрш.] "Partibus et consiliis ejus [Cyri] favebat." Schneider. "Cyro addicta et adjumento erat. Kühner. Compare v. 6. 23; Hellen. vii. 5. 5. 4 "Οστις—τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως.] We must understand those who are called podot, Cyrop. viii. 6. 16: compare Econ. iv. 6. Zeuine. They were officers appointed to visit the satrapies annually, and make a report respecting the state of them to the king. 5 Οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο, κ. τ. λ.] "He sent them all away (after) so disposing them, that they were friends rather to himself than the king.' By this term are meant chiefly the Asiatics that were about Cyrus. The Greeks called all people Barbarians that were not of their own nation. CH. 1.] CYRUS COLLECTS FORCES. 3 For the cities of Ionia had formerly been under the government of Tissaphernes, having been assigned to him by the king, but had at this time all revolted to Cyrus except Miletus. 7. Tissaphernes, discovering that the people of Miletus were forming a similar design, [to go over to Cyrus,1] put some of them to death, and sent others into banishment. Cyrus, receiving the exiles under his protection, and assembling an army, laid siege to Miletus by land and sea, and used every exertion to restore these exiles; and he had thus another pretext for augmenting the number of his forces. 8. He then sent to the king, and requested that, as he was his brother, these cities should be given to him rather than that Tissaphernes should govern them; and in this application his mother supported him. Thus the king had no suspicion of the plot against him, but supposed that Cyrus, from being at war with Tissaphernes, was spending the money upon troops; so that he was not at all concerned at the strife between them, especially as Cyrus remitted to him the tribute arising from the cities which Tissaphernes had had. 9. Another army was collected for him in the Chersonesus opposite Abydos, in the following method. Clearchus, a Lacedæmonian, happened to be in exile. Cyrus, having met with him, was struck with admiration for him, and made him a present of ten thousand darics.2 Clearchus, on receiving the gold, raised, by means of it, a body of troops, and making excursions out of the Chersonesus, made war upon the Thracians that are situated above the Hellespont, and was of assistance to the Greeks; so that the towns on the Hellespont willingly contributed money for the support of his men. This too was a force thus secretly maintained for Cyrus. 10. Aristippus, also, a Thessalian, happened to be a guestfriend of Cyrus, and, being pressed by an adverse faction at 1 ̓Αποστῆναι πρὸς Κῦρον.] These words are regarded as spurious by Schneider, on the suggestion of Wolf and Wyttenbach. Krüger and Kühner retain them, as added explicationis causá. 2 The daric was a Persian gold coin, generally supposed to have derived its name from Darius I.; but others think this doubtful. From c. vii. 18, it appears that three hundred darics were equal to a talent. If the talent be estimated therefore, as in Mr. Hussey's Essay on Anc. Weights and Money, ch. iii. sect. 12, at £243 15s., the value of the daric will be 16s. 3d. The sum given to Clearchus will then be £8125. 3 Evoc.] I have translated this word by guest-friend, a conveni |