THE ANABASIS OF XENOPHON.

337

along the coast to Thrace; Xenophon himself, at the head of 1700 heavy-armed men, 300 targeteers, and 40 horsemen, marching, according to Colonel Chesney, towards Calpe in a direct line. I read it, however, through the middle of the country, a phrase which is twice repeated in the account of the journey, and as the district that lies between the shore and the plains of Tuz-cha and Sabancha, is occupied by the Yailah Tagh, a densely wooded range of hills, totally impassable to a body of troops, there remained no alternative but to keep to the shore or to take to the middle of the country. My idea, as expressed in the "Travels in the Track," and which I am still inclined to hold by, is, that Xenophon, in the pursuit of booty, crossed the Yailah Tagh-ancient Mons Hypius, and descended upon the fertile plain of Prusa ad Hypium, but on hearing of the the straits in which his comrades were placed at Calpe, he returned thither through the westerly prolongation of the same hills. The promontory of Calpe enjoyed in those times the same name as that of Gibraltar. It is now called Kirpah or Kafkan Adasi.

CHRYSOPOLIS.-After a long stay and no small disasters entailed by the restlessness of the Greeks at Calpe, they started from that place, marching through Bithynia, or Asiatic Thrace, as it was also called, six days' march, to Chrysopolis-the Golden city, the modern Uskudar or Scutari, opposite to Constantinople. The distance travelled upon this occasion by road of some eighty miles in six days, gives an average of thirteen miles a day, showing that eight, ten, and twelve were as often assumed ordinary day's journeys, under circumstances of greater difficulties, according to the exigencies of the case, and may indeed have been still less. The retreat of the Ten Thousand may in reality be said to end at this point, for the kind of business which they became engaged in after crossing the Bosphorus, has nothing to do with that on which they were originally taken from their homes by the ambition of Cyrus.

The Ten Thousand in European THRACE.-From Chrysopolis the Greeks crossed over to Byzantium, where they were but scurvily treated by the Lacedaemonian admiral Anaxibius, and hence obliged to quarter in some Thracian villages. Xenophon sailed in the mean time to Cyzicus, (now Baal Kiz,) from whence he returned to his comrades, and led them all, except such as remained with Neon and such as had disbanded on finding themselves in Europe, to Perinthus, now Harakli. From this point they were induced by large promises to assist Seuthes, son of Maesades, to recover his patrimony as one of the independent kings of Thrace. In execution of this compact they marched into the country called the Delta of the Thracians, above Byzantium, that of the Melinophagi, who dwelt in the eastern part of the Kutchuk Balkhan, (Little Balkhan,) and they arrived at Salmydissus or Kalmydissus, now Midiyah, on the Euxine. After they had subdued the in

habitants, who lived chiefly by the plunder of wrecks, they returned and encamped on a plain above Selymbria.

The Greeks arrive at PERGAMUS.-At this point the Greeks parted from Seuthes, who had failed to fulfil his promises made to them, and crossing the Propontis, they repaired to Lampsacus, a well-known port on the Hellespont, now called Lamsaki. From hence they marched through Troas, and passing over the celebrated Mount Ida, they came first to Antandrus, now Antandros, near Adramiti. Hence they continued their march along the coast of the Lydian sea, to the plain of Thebes. It is known, from Herodotus and Livy, that the plain of Adramyttium was so called. Thence they passed through Adramyttium or Atramyttium Certonium, which is believed to be the Karene of Herodotus, and Atarne, an Aeolian city-the Atarneus of Strabo, from whence they reached Pergamus, where the narrative of the historian finally

ceases.

The whole of the way, both of the Expedition and of the Retreat, is said to have comprised two hundred and fifteen days' march, of eleven hundred and fifty-five parasangs, and of thirty thousand six hundred and fifty stadia; and the time employed in both, was a year and three months.

GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX

TO THE ANABASIS.

ABYDUS, i. 1. 9. A city of Mysia on the Hellespont, nearly opposite Sestus on the European shore. Aidos or Avido, a modern village on the Hellespont, may be the site of Abydus, though the conclusion from a name alone is not admitted by some critics.

Acherusian Chersonese, vi. 2. 2: the scene, as it is said, of Hercules's twelfth labour, to bring up the dog Cerberus from Acheron. It ran out into the Black Sea, near Heraclea, now Harakli. Ainsw. p. 215.

Eolia, v. 6. 24. A district on the west coast of Asia Minor, which is included by Strabo in the larger division of Mysia.

Antandrus, vii. 8. 7. A city on the coast of Troas, now Antan

dros.

Apollonia, vii. 8. 15. A town of Mysia, on an eminence east of Pergamus, on the way to Sardis. Strabo, xiii. p. 625. It seems to have been near the borders of Lydia. The exact site does not appear to be determined.

Arabia, i. 5. 1; vii. 8. 25. The term Arabia is used by Xenophon to designate those parts of Mesopotamia which lie south of the river Khabur, the same as are described by Strabo, (i. 2, p. 65; xvi. 1, p. 351,) as inhabited by the Arabes Scenitae or Nomade Arabs, and which are in the present day chiefly occupied by the Shamar Arabs.

Araxes, i. 4. 19. There is every reason to believe that what Xenophon calls the Araxes, (a river of Mesopotamia running into the Euphrates,) is the same river that is called Chaboras by Ptolemy and Pliny, Aborras by Strabo, Zosimus, Ammianus Marcellinus, and other writers: and by the Arabs, the Khabur. A contributor to the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, art. Chaboras, has however thought fit to question this identification.

Armenia, Orontes the satrap of, iii. 5. 17; contains the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates, iv. 1. 3; divided by the river Centrites from the country of the Carduchi, iv. 3. 1; its mountains, iv. 3. 20; traversed by the Greeks, iv. 4. 1; Western Armenia, Tiribazus satrap of, iv. 4. 4; their boys act as cup-bearers, iv. 5. 33; their horses described, iv. 5. 36.

Atarneus, a city of Mysia, opposite to Lesbos, and a strong place. The site is generally fixed at Dikheli or Dikhali Kiui. Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 133.

Atramyttium or Adramyttium, a town situated at the head of the bay, called from it Sinus Adramyttenus, on the river Caicus, in Mysia, on the road from the Hellespont to Pergamus. Now Adramytti. Ainsw. p. 230, 248.

Babylon, its distance from Cunaxa, where the battle was fought, ii. 2. 6; its distance from Cotyora in Pontus, v. 5. 4.

Babylonia, i. 7. 1; ii. 2. 13.

Bisanthe, vii. 2. 38; 5.8; a city on the Propontis, north-west of Perinthus. At a later period its name was changed into Rhaedestum or Rhaedestus, whence its present name, Rodosto. Krüger ad vii. 2. 38. Bithynia, Pharnabazus satrap of it, vii. 8. 25.

Byzantium, on the Bosporus, now Constantinople; the Greeks force an entrance into it, vii. 1. 16; belonged to the Athenians before the Peloponnesian war, vii. 1. 27.

Caenae, ii. 4. 28. A large city of Mesopotamia on the Tigris. Supposed by Mannert, Rennell, and others to be represented by the ruins at Senn, but determined by Colonel Chesney and Colonel Rawlinson to be represented by the ruins at or near Kalah Shirgat or Kileh Shirgat.

Caicus, Plain of, vii. 8. 8, 18. The Caicus is a river of Mysia and Lydia, flowing past Pergamus into the sea opposite Lesbos; it is now called the Krimakli. Ainsw. p. 230.

Calpe, Harbour of, in Bithynia, described, vi. 4. 1, 2. See also vi. 2. 13, 17; vi. 3. 2. It is now called Kirpah Liman, and the mountain Kaifkan Tagh, the chief headland or promontory Kaifkan Adasi, and a lesser promontory Yalanji Kaifkan, or the lying or deceitful Kaifkan.

Cappadocia, i. 2. 20; vii. 8. 25.

Carduchi or Karduchi, now the Kurds. A people inhabiting the mountains of Kurdistan, the ancient Gordene or Gordiaeus Mons, the banks of the Tigris, and more particularly the country bordering on Armenia and Assyria: independent, hardy, and warlike mountaineers, iii. 5. 16; v. 5. 17; vii. 8. 25; the Greeks ascend their hills, iii. 5. 17; iv. 1. 2; attempt in vain to be friendly with them, iv. 1. 8, 9; are harassed by them, iv. i. 16; 3. 7.

Carsus or Karsus, Cersus or Kersus, a river of Cilicia, i. 4. 4. The Andricus of Pliny, now Markatz su, at the Gates of Cilicia and Syria, i. 4. 4. Ainsw. p. 58.

Castolus, Plain of, ì. 1. 2; 9. 7. Stephanus says that Castolus was a city of Lydia. See note on i. 1. 2.

Caystrus, Plain of, i. 2. 11. Supposed to be the plain of Bulavadin, in the lower part of which is the lake called Ibar Gül. Hamilton thinks at or near the village called Chai Kiui or "river village." It has been placed higher up, near Surmanah. Koch and Long have dissented from the latter identification. See Kühner ad i. 2. 11.

Celaenae, a large city of Phrygia, i. 27. Xerxes built its citadel,

TO THE ANABASIS.

i. 2. 9. Cyrus had a palace there. Deenair. Leake's Tour, p. 158. vol. i. p. 499, 505.

341

The site is now called Dinair or Cramer, vol. ii. p. 50. Hamilton,

Centrites, a river dividing the country of the Carduchi from Armenia, iv. 3. 1; the Greeks cross it, iv. 3. 15. Now the Buhtan Chai. Ains. Travels, vol. ii. p. 356. Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, p. 49, 63.

This place

Ceramon Agora, or Ceramorum Forum, i. 2. 10. appears to be represented by the modern Ushak, still a place of considerable traffic and commerce. Hamilton, ii. 204. Hutchinson supposes it to be the same with Ceranæ, mentioned by Plin. H. N.

V. 41.

Cerasus, a Greek city on the coast of Colchis, founded by the people of Sinope, v. 3. 2; 5. 10; 7. 13. The site of this place was not at the modern Kirasunt, but in a valley bearing the same name of Kirasun Darah su, or river of the valley of Kerasus. Hamilton, i. 250. Eustathius, ad Dionys. Perieg. v. 437, says that the place was so named from the abundance of repáσoi, cherry trees, that grew there. Hence it is supposed Lucullus first introduced the cherry tree into Europe. Plin. H. N. xv. 5. 3; 5. 10; 7. 13.

Cersus, see Carsus.

Certonium, a city of Mysia, vii. 8. 8. It is not mentioned in any other author: see Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. i. p. 133, who favours the suggestion of Hutchinson, that we should perhaps read Kapivns, the name of a town mentioned by Herodotus. It has been conjectured that it may be the Cytonium of Theopompus (Steph. s. v. Kuruviov): there being now a place named Kidonia, near the supposed situation of Certonium. But Cytonium was between Mysia and Lydia; and Xenophon's Certonium is in Mysia. Carine or Carene may have stood on the river Caresos, mentioned by Homer, Il. xii.

20.

Chalcedon, on the Bosporus, opposite Byzantium, vii. 1. 20; 2. 24, 26. Now Kadi Kiui. Ains. i. 14.

Chalcedonia, vi. 6. 38.

Chaldaeans, iv. 3. 4; v. 5. 17; vii. 8. 25. Now Khaldis and Nestorian mountaineers.

Chalus, a river of Syria, i. 4. 9. Identified by Colonel Chesney with the Baluklu su, or Fish river, a tributary to the Sajur, but more probably the Chalib or Kuwait, the river of Aleppo. Ainsw. p. 63.

Chalybes, a people on the shore of the Euxine, bordering on Armenia, iv. 5. 34; vii. 8. 25; serve under Tiribazus, iv. 4. 18; meet the Greeks, iv. 6. 5; their bravery, and armour, vi. 7. 15; subject to the Mossynoeci, v. 5. 1. Strabo makes the Chalybes the same as the Chaldaei. Ainsw. p. 184.

Charmanda, a large city on the Euphrates, i. 5. 10. Formerly identified with Hit, but Colonel Chesney thinks that the site is represented by ruins opposite to the island of Jibbah or Jubbah. (Exped. to survey the rivers Euph. and Tigris, vol. ii. p. 214.) Chersonesus opposite Abydus, or the Thracian Chersonesus, i. 1. 9; ii. 6. 2, 24; its beauty and fertility, v. 6. 25; vii. 1. 13. Chersonesus, Acherusian. See Acherusian Chersonesus.