years and nine months, that is, three years and parts of two others, dating his coins in his fifth year. With respect to the following pages, the author would add that he has thought it better not to treat of the literature and religion separately from the political events, but to throw the whole into the form of annals. Literature always takes its tone from the events of the day, and changes with the state of society; so also of religion. Although the idolatrous sculptures on the walls remain unchanged, yet the opinions about them change from century to century; and it is as necessary to note the passing of time when giving an account of a people's religion as when speaking of its government. Ecclesiastical history is very unfaithfully written when disjoined from the political quarrels which accompany the change of opinions. Again, he would remark that, from the scantiness of the materials, he has very often been unable to enlarge on an event as much as its importance seems to deserve. But he has in every case stated in the text or in the margin the works from which he has taken each piece of information, so that the inquiring reader may not only check his accuracy, but may at once see the sources in which further knowledge may be looked for. He has to thank his learned friend, Dr. H. Jolowicz, of Koenigsberg, for the honour of having the Third Edition of his History published in a German translation; and though he differs widely from the chronological opinions of his German annotators, yet he has been enabled to correct several mistakes which are pointed out in the Notes to that edition, Leipsig, 1857-8. WORKS BY THE AUTHOR. THE ROSETTA STONE, in Hieroglyphics and Greek, with Translations and an explanation of the Hieroglyphical characters, and followed by an Appendix of Kings' names. HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS, from the valleys between Egypt and Mount Sinai, in their original characters, with translations and an Alphabet. ALEXANDRIAN CHRONOLOGY. THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE BIBLE. THE HISTORY OF THE HEBREW NATION AND ITS LITERATURE. Third Edition. THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES TRANSLATED; being a revision of the Authorized English Old Testament. Third Edition. SHORT NOTES TO ACCOMPANY A REVISED TRANSLATION OF THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES. THE NEW TESTAMENT, translated from Griesbach's Text. Sixth Edition; thirteenth thousand. CRITICAL NOTES ON THE AUTHORIZED ENGLISH VERSION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. Second Edition. TEXTS FROM THE HOLY BIBLE, explained by the Help of the Ancient Monuments. Second Edition. EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY AND EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY, with their Influence on the Opinions of Modern Christendom. DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODCUTS IN VOL. I. On the title page. The god Ra, in the form of the winged sun. Fig. 1. The head of an Egyptian Fellah, or modern labourer. (H. Horeau.) Fig. 2. The head of Rameses II., from a statue in the British Museum (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 3. A stone which at the same time marked the boundary of the field, and the rise of the inundation on it. From a model in porcelain. Fig. 4. An Egyptian crossing the river on a raft made of two bundles of rushes. (Denon, pl. 78.) Fig. 5. The name of Labaris, spelt Ra, L, A, O, B. The syllable Ra is to be read last. Fig. 6. The Bull Apis with a plate of metal between its horns. The horns represent the illuminated part of the moon when it is two days old, and the plate of metal represents the unilluminated part which may be also then seen on a clear night. On the forehead is a small model of the sacred asp or hooded snake. From a Bronze. Fig. 7. The Basilisk or Uræus, the hooded snake, with a woman's head and a tall crown. From a tablet in the British Museum. Fig. 8. The name of Osirtesen I. The characters in the first oval are perhaps, Ho-Ke-Ra, of which the sun Ra, though first in order, is pronounced last. Those in the second are, O, S, R, T, S, N, and spell the name that we here give to him, as the Greek authors usually call the Egyptian kings by the names in the second of the two ovals. The title over the first oval is Sot-nout, meaning king of Upper Egypt, king of Lower Egypt. That over the second oval is Se-ra, son of the Sun. Fig. 9. A column in the tombs at Beni-hassan, with many flat sides, one of which is wider than the rest and carries a line of hieroglyphics. (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 10. A view in the cave tombs of Beni-hassan. (Hector Horeau. This and most of the woodcuts with this name are from blocks kindly lent by this gentleman, belonging to his beautiful work, Panorama d'Egypte.) Fig 11. The obelisk at Heliopolis. (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 12. A granite needle standing on the bank of the Lake Moris. 'Burton's Excerpta Hieroglyphica.) Fig. 13. The word Osiris. Fig. 15. The four months of vegetation, distinguished by the half moon, a star, a numeral, and the character for growing herbs. (H. Horeau.) Fig. 16. The four months of harvest, distinguished by the character for house. (H. Horeau.) Fig. 17. The four months of inundation, distinguished by the character for (H. Horeau.) water. Fig. 18. The words Month, Half-month, and Week. Fig. 19. The name of Chofo, builder of the oldest pyramid, which is the second in point of size. It is spelt Ch, O, F, O. Fig. 20. The name of Nefchofo, found in the largest pyramid. F, Ch, F, O. Fig. 21. Section of Chofo's pyramid. (Vyse's Pyramids.) It is spelt N, Fig. 22. Oxen drawing a block of stone on a sledge. From the quarries of Toora. (Young's Hieroglyphics, pl. 88.) Fig. 23, Section of Nefchofo's pyramid. Two air-passages lead to the chamber in which the body was placed. The two lower chambers are of uncertain use. (Vyse's Pyramids.) Fig. 24. Section of the chamber which held the body in Nefchofo's pyramid. Fig. 25. Plan of the pyramids, with the sphinx, the neighbouring tombs, and the great causeway. (Wilkinson's Map.) Fig. 26. Restoration of the colossal sphinx, which lies in front of Chofo's pyramid. (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 27. The name of Amunmai Thori I. The characters in the second oval are, A, M, N, M, T, R. Fig. 28. The name of Amunmai Thori II. In the first oval Noubkora. Fig. 31. The name of Amunmai Thori III. Fig. 32. The name of Queen Scemiophra, spelt Ra, S, M, A, oB, O. Queens names have usually only one oval. Fig. 33. Plan of the temple at Sarbout el Kadem. The older part is a cave hollowed out of the rock. (D. Roberts, R.A.) Fig. 34. The name of Chebra, spelt Ra, K, B. Fig. 35. The name of Chebra Amosis. The characters in the first oval are Ra, K, B; those in the second oval are A, M, S. The title over the first oval is NEB-TO, lord of the world; that over the second is NEB-MESO, lord of battles. This pair of titles is translated for us by Hermapion, in Ammianus Marcellinus. From the resemblance in sound between AMESH, an anvil, and MISHE, a battle, one character is used for both. Fig. 36. The name of Amunothph I. The characters in the first oval are RaSeb, K, or Sebekra. Those in the second oval are A, M, N, O, TE, Ph, or Amunothph, dedicated to Amun. The harsh sound of this word is justified by our finding that the Greeks sometimes spelt it Amenophis and sometimes Amenothis. The position of the last two characters is reversed in the woodcut by a mistake of the artist. Fig. 37. The name of Mesphra-Thothmosis I. The three chief characters in the second oval are Thoth, M, S, the three smaller characters are Mes, Ra, H. If we put the definite article before the Ra it becomes Phra, as is required to make the name Mes-phra, given us by the Greeks. The anvil has the sound of Mes, as in Fig. 35, and its sound here confirms the meaning given to it there. Fig. 38. An ear of the compound wheat with many spikes, the Triticum Compositum. Fig. 39. The name of Thothmosis II. The three smaller characters in the second oval are MES, Ho, B. The beetle is Ho, the guitar is B, as we have made it in Fig. 5, Fig. 32, and Fig. 34. Fig. 40. The name of Queen Nitocris. The characters in the first oval are Ra, Mi, K, or Mikera: those in the second are A, M, N, N, T, T, R, or Amun Neith Thor, or if the second T has a guttural sound, Amun Neith Gori. Fig. 41. The god Amun-Ra, and Queen Nitocris on her knees, dressed as a man. Fig. 42. The obelisk as if upheaved by a mound of sand. (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 44. The name of Mekora, or Menkera. The characters are Ra, M or Men, K. The three pair of arms only differ from the single pair by the vowel sound which follows. Fig. 45. Section of the pyramid of Mekora, being the third in size in the plan Fig. 25. (Vyse's Pyramids.) Fig. 46. Section of the fourth pyramid, being that which stands opposite to the middle of the third pyramid in the plan, and was built by the same sovereign. (Vyse.) Fig. 47. The figure of Queen Nitocris with beard and man's clothes, but with feminine titles. "The good goddess queen of the world, Mykera, giver of life." From her obelisk at Karnak. (Burton's Excerpta, pl. 48.) Fig. 48. Five figures, being a Nubian, a Copt, an Ethiopian, and an Arab, together with a Negro slave, selected from the four rows of men bearing tribute to Thothmosis III. The Nubian carries a tusk of ivory and a string of beads, probably amber. The Negro carries a stick of ebony. The Copt or Theban carries lotus flowers. The Ethiopian carries ostrich eggs and feathers. The Arab carries a pair of gloves. (Hoskins's Ethiopia.) Fig. 49. The name of Amunothph II. Fig. 50. A granite head in the British Museum, thought to be that of Thothmosis III. N Fig. 51. A brick arch at Thebes, bearing the name of Thothmosis III. (J. Bonomi.) Fig. 52. A Map of the Peninsula of Sinai, showing the route of the Israelites from Egypt to the River Jordan. |