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annually. It contains, in addition to an almanack crammed with information, the statistics and lists of officers of all the universities and colleges, a list of the foundation and grammar schools in England and Wales, with the emoluments, scholarships, and exhibitions attached to them. As regards the schools, the information has for the most part been furnished by the masters themselves. It deserves encouragement for its utility, and as a record of the munificence of our ancestors. We wish we could say that their pious intentions were always fully carried

out.

OBSERVATIONS ON TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR; WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR A SYSTEMATIC COURSE OF INSTRUCTION IN NATIONAL SCHOOLS. BY JOSEPH BOULDEN.

(Groombridge.)

A PAPER read at the monthly meeting of the Church Schoolmasters Association, which we can recommend to elementary teachers as containing some useful remarks suggested by experience.

ANSWERS TO THE MATHEMATICAL QUESTIONS.

QUES. 93.-Proposed by Mr. Sam Dyer.

Ir a clock gains 24 minutes per day, at what time will the hands be together between 3 and 4 o'clock, supposing them to start together

at 12.

Answered by Mr. Royds and Mr. Sheppard.

Let x = no. min. that the hour-hand is past 12 o'clock; then 12 x = no. min that the minute-hand will have gone over; but the minute-hand will have gone over 180 minutes more than the hour hand;

.'. 12 x − x = 180, .. x = 16

Now to find the time by a true clock. It will be observed, that since the false clock gains 1 min. per hour, of the true time, the gain in 61 min. of the false clock. will be 1 min.; therefore the total time gained will be of 3 h. 164 min. min. Hence we have the true time past 3 o'clock = 16—4— — 3447

=

QUES. 94.-Proposed by Prismoid, Tewkesbury.

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139,7 min.

A person walks in a straight line the distance of 100 yards; he then turns to the left at an angle of 30°, and walks 100 yards; he then turns to the right at an angle of 60°, and walks 100 yards, as before; it is required to find his distance from the point of starting.

Answered by Mr. Herbert, Mr. Crampton, Mr. Brown, Mr. Pinder, and Mr. Hall.

Let A B, B C, and C D be the successive straight lines over which the person walks. Join A D, and B D; then A B D will be a right-angled triangle, having AB = BD 100 yds.

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.. A D = √ A B2 + B D2

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2 x 100 = 141.42 yds.

QUES. 95.-Proposed by Mr. Crampton.

What is the length of a pendulum, which oscillates thrice as often in a minute as it has inches in its length?

Answered by Mr. Sothern, Prismoid, Mr. Yoel, Mr. Sheppard, and E. Whittle.

Let a the length of the pendulum; then

the no. oscillations per min. = 3x;

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Now the length of a second's pendulum at London is 39 139 inches, and the lengths of different pendulums vary as the squares of the times of vibration;

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93,

T. Sothern, Burtonwood, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. Sheppard, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. Herbert, Woolton, ans. 93, 94, 95; H. Pinder, London, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. Royds, Belfield, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. Brown, Barton, ans. 93, 94; G. Hall, Audley, ans. 93, 94; F. R. Crampton, St. John's Wood, ans. 93, 94, 95; W. H. Yoel, Shalbourne, ans. 94, 95; E. Whittle (a power-loom weaver), Blackburn, ans. 95; Prismoid, Tewkesbury, ans. 93, 94, 95; Emma Royds, Hollingworth, ans. 93, 94, 95; S. C. Teston, ans. 93, 94; W. Wakely, Marlborough, ans. 93, 94; T. Dungate, Iglesham, ans. 94; R. Drawde, Sunderland, ans. 93, 94, 95; W. Righton, ans. 93, 94, 95; S. Dyer, Wanstead, ans. 93, 94, 95; W. Davison, Sunderland, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. Bolton, O. Malton, ans. 93, 94, 95; Danos, ans. 93, 94, 95; W. Davis, Coniston Cold, ans. 93, 94; G. Morris, Gosport, ans. 93, 94, 95; A. M. Gillingham, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. Salter, Durham, ans. 93, 94, 95; J. B. Bayley, Uttoxeter, ans. 93, 94, 95.

NEW QUESTIONS,

TO BE ANSWERED IN OUR NUMBER FOR MAY, 1851.

QUES. 96.-Proposed by J. H.

Find the weight of a circular silver shield 1 foot 10 inches in diameter, and 075 of an inch thick, the specific gravity of silver being 10.474. Find also its value at 6s. 9d. per ounce Troy.

QUES. 97.-Proposed by Mr. Whitham, Battersea.

Given the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram and the included angle, to find an expression for the tangent of the angle of intersection of diagonals.

QUES. 98.-Proposed by Tom Tomkins.

A body of w lbs. acquired a velocity of feet per second in descending an inclined plane, whose coefficient of friction is f, and perpendicular height h feet; required the inclination of the plane.

CLASS LIST OF CANDIDATES.

CERTIFICATES OF MERIT.

CLASS LIST of Candidates for Certificates of Merit, examined before her Majesty's Inspectors, at the several undermentioned Training Schools, on the 16th of December, 1850, and following days.

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I. BATTERSEA.-43 candidates; 18 certificated. MASTERS.-Second Class (2nd Division). James Easton, St. George's, Borough; George Hall, Audley Grammar School, Newcastle-under-Lyne.— Third Class (2nd Division). William Humphreys, Coley, near Halifax; James Reynard, Tamworth, Sir R. Peel's. (3rd Division). George Hullah, Escrick Park, Yorkshire.

STUDENTS.-First Class (3rd Division). John Blain.-Second Class (2nd Division). George Howe. (3rd Division). Charles Spencer, George Henry Tucker.-Third Class (1st Division). Thomas Crow, William Ponsford, John Rowlatt. (2nd Division). Kobert Hanley. (3d Division.) Josiah Dearman, Richard Edwin Saunders, John Sly Watts, John Edward Rood, Thomas Smith.

II. CARMARTHEN.-30 candidates; 14 certificated. MASTERS.-Third Class (1st Division). David Davies, Heyop, Knighton. (2nd Division). Owen Poole Thomas, Pwllheli N. S. (3rd Division). Thomas Daniel Davies, Britonferry Ironworks S., near Neath.

STUDENTS.-First Class (3rd Division). Richard Morgan Goyne.-Second Class (1st Division). David Thomas. (2nd Division). William Matthew Thomas. (3rd Division). John Porter, George Thomas.-Third Class (1st Division). Henry Edmund, James Webber. (2nd Division). John Davies. (3rd Division). James Hutchinson, David Rowlands, William Atherby Phillips.

III. CHELSEA, ST. MARK'S.-49 candidates; 27 certificated. MASTERS.-First Class (3rd Division). George Merchant, Snenton N. S., near Nottingham.-Second Class (1st Division). John Bamforth, Mills Green S., near Frome; Richard Hind Hedger Holmes, Leigh N. S., near Rochford; William Sheard Norris, Horbury S., near Wakefield. (2nd Division). Robert Blyth, Windsor, St. Mark's; Abraham Haworth, Prestwold S. (Loughborough); Henry Mortimore, Lichfield, St. Mary's.-Third Class (3rd Division). William Dawson, Hurstmonceaux, near Hailsham. STUDENTS.-Second Class (1st Division). Alfred Charles King. (2nd Division). Thomas Izod, William Read, Richard Phillips, Thomas Rossiter. (3rd Division). William Roe Bensley, Joseph Merriman, William Humphrey. Third Class (1st Division). William Folkett, Frederick Thorn, Charles Henry Phillips, John Alldritt Woolley. (2nd Division). William Henry Bliss, John Dare, William Scott, James Bugden, Tom Owain Jones. (3rd Division). Richard Botheras, John Brown.

IV. CHELTENHAM.-30 candidates; 16 certificated. MASTERS.-Second Class (2nd Division). William Baker, Liverpool, St. Luke's N. S.

STUDENTS.-First Class (3rd Division). Hezekiah Hawkins, Henry nesimus Moyse, George Horatio Hodges.-Second Class (1st Division). Henry Evers, William James Ambling. (2nd Division). Thomas Edgeley. 3rd Division). John Lane.-Third Class (1st Divison). Horace Coombes George Matthews, William Hammond. (2nd Division). William Gare Robert Morris, William Millwood.—Third Class (3rd Division). William' Edgar Gray, Edwin Selkirk.

V. CHESTER.-40 candidates; 18 certificated.

MASTERS.-Second Class (3rd Division). Charles Bowlker, Colton, Milnthorpe.-Third Class (2nd Division). Richard Emerson, Kirk Onchan, Douglas (Isle of Man); Robert Parkinson, Everton, St. George's, near Liverpool. (3rd Division). Robert Cowburn, Wilton, Northwich.

STUDENTS.-Second Class (1st Division). George Peter Cartwright. (2nd Division). Samuel Shepley Lees. (3rd Division). Matthew Curwen, James Stainbank, Simeon Hough.-Third Class (1st Division). John Pollard. (2nd Division). Richard Dawson, James Seddon. (3rd Division). James Gornall, James Malcolmson, John Witter, Thomas Heywood, Robert Varley, John Wood.

VI. DURHAM.-11 candidates; 5 certificated.

Second Class (3rd Division). John Wild.-Third Class (1st Division). George Ager. (2nd Division). Robert Dickinson. (3rd Division). Jonathan Holmes, George Scott.

VII. KNELLER HALL.-5 candidates; 4 certificated.

Second Class (3rd Division). Walter Baughan, John Cole, Charles James Butler Hurst.-Third Class (2nd Division). John Powell Hughlings. VIII. YORK.-29 candidates; 12 certificated.

MASTERS.-Third Class (3rd Division). Robert Southwick, Great Wansford, Driffield; Henry Weatherill, Sledmere, Malton.

STUDENTS.-Second Class (1st Division). Robert Charlton. (2nd Division). Joseph Hall, John Spink. (3rd Division). Joseph Washington Hirst, John Wilkinson, James Warriner.-Third Class (1st Division). Samuel Thomas Baldry, Joseph Sugg, Robert Charters. (2nd Division). Joseph Ross Graham.

STATE OF PRIMARY INSTRUCTION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF TARN DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR 1849-50.*

REPORT OF MON. A. DOMERGUE, INSPECTOR.

PRIMARY instruction includes the elementary and superior, the communal and private schools. Some of these are attended exclusively by boys, some by girls, and some by infants, while others are common † schools; that is, attended by both boys and girls. There are also classes for adults, a primary normal school for masters, and another for schoolmistresses.

* France is divided into 86 departments, which are subdivided into arrondissements; and these again into cantons and communes. Each department is governed by a prefect.

† Schools where boys and girls are taught together are generally termed in this country mixed schools.

Boys' Schools. I have compared the results given this year with those stated in the report for 1848. This comparison has enabled me to show a perceptible progress. There are 8 schools and 807 pupils more than there were in 1848. In only one of the arrondissements the pupils attending the public schools have decreased; but this diminution is, to a certain extent, compensated by an increase in the numbers attending the private schools. This diminution is the more to be regretted, as the rest of the department shows a steady progress. It may perhaps be attributed to the occupations of the people, this part of the country being exclusively agricultural.

There are altogether in the department 309 communal and 40 private schools. This gives a total increase of 8 schools over the year 1848. But there have been at the same time an increase of communal and a decrease of private schools. This result is doubly advantageous; for, with few exceptions, the public schools are superior to the private schools, both as regards instruction and discipline.

With respect to the mode of instruction, the 349 boys' schools are thus divided :-Schools directed according to the mutual mode, 12; simultaneous, 261; individual, 21; mixed* mode, 55; total, 349. This last mode is the best that can be employed in the schools which have more than 50 pupils; it demands, on the part of the master, indefatigable zeal, but it gives, in exchange, most beneficial results.

There are 314 schools exclusively devoted to Roman Catholics, and 18 to Protestants, whilst 17 schools receive children belonging to both. The directors of these 17 schools are all Roman Catholics.

Civil State of the Teachers.-Of the 349 instructors 336 are laymen, and 13 belong to religious societies. There are also employed in the schools 49 assistant-brothers. Of the 336 lay teachers, 117 are bachelors, 196 are married, and 23 are widowers.

Number of Pupils, &c.-The communal schools receive 11,882 boys; the private schools, 1981; in all, 13,863. If to this number we add 217 boys who attend the common schools, we shall have a total of 14,080 boys, thus showing an increase of 807 over the year 1848.

Besides the 13,863 boys admitted into the 349 schools, there are also taught, by the masters of the common schools, 1234 girls.

Of the 14,080 boys, 7943 pay a school fee, which varies from five-pence to twenty-pence a month; 6137 are instructed gratuitously. The number of gratuitous pupils it is hoped will increase; for the 24th article of the law of the 13th March, 1850, states, that " primary instruction ought to be given gratuitously to all the children of those families who are not in a condition to pay for such instruction.”

Moral and Political Conduct of the Teachers.-The conduct of our instructors is generally very good. With some exceptions, happily few in number, they have all learned that they ought to confine themselves exclusively to the discharge of the duties belonging to their profession, and not to engage in political or municipal discussions.

We cannot speak so satisfactorily of the capacity of our teachers. Besides those who have been educated at the Normal School, and whose schools are of a superior order, there are a hundred instructors who were breveted immediately after the promulgation of the law of June 28th, 1833. These know, in general, very little; they are ignorant of good methods of teaching, and their schools are conducted with little order and regularity. But they have rendered services, and although they are not at the top of their profession, yet it would be unjust to hurry on their superannuation.† The

*This is a combination of the mutual and the simultaneous.

† By a recent law a retiring pension is granted to teachers in proportion to their length of service.

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