LU.C. Suthul. He raises the siege, is surprised by Jugurtha, and surrenders on disgraceful terms, making at the same time a treaty with Jugurtha, which the Senate afterwards declare invalid. Albinus returns to Numidia, and resigns the command of the army to the consul Metellus. Metellus chooses for his lieutenant-generals Marius and Rutilius. The Mamilian law is passed, by which Calpurnius, Albinus, and Opimius, are sent into exile. Vacca is taken. Battle near the Muthul. Siege of Zama by Metellus. Affair of cavalry near Sicca. Metellus raises the siege of Zama, and goes into winter quarters in the Roman province. 645. SERV. SULPITIUS GALBA, M. ÆMILIUS SCAURUS HORTENSIUS.-Jugurtha makes a treaty with Metellus, breaks it, and resumes hostilities. The Numidians surprise the city of Vacca; Metellus recovers it. Nabdalsa and Bomilcar conspire against Jugurtha. Marius quits the army, and obtains the consulship at Rome. Jugurtha is defeated, and throws himself into Thala, which Metellus soon after besieges. C. Annius, with a party of soldiers, is sent as governor to Leptis. Thala is taken; Jugurtha flees into Getulia, and forms a league with Bocchus, king of Mauretania. The two kings take up their position near Cirta, and Metellus encamps at no great distance from them. 646.-L. CASSIUS LONGINUS, C. MARIUS.-The Senate wish to continue Metellus in command of the army, but are opposed by the people, who give it to Marius. Marius appoints Manlius and Cinna his lieutenant-generals, harangues the people, makes new levies, and, setting out from Rome, lands at Utica. Metellus triumphs. Marius, assuming the command, has several skirmishes with Jugurtha, and then makes an attempt on the city of Capsa, which he takes. 647.-C. ATTILIUS SERRANUS, Q. SERVILIUS CÆPIO.-Metellus takes a strong fort on the borders of Mauretania. Sylla arrives in the army. Bocchus and Jugurtha again unite their forces, and attack Marius on his march; Marius retires, with some loss, to two neighbouring hills, but attacks and routs the barbarians the following night. Jugurtha and Bocchus are again defeated near Cirta, and A.U.C. the Roman army goes into winter quarters on the seacoast. Bocchus expresses a wish for peace; Sylla and Manlius have an interview with him. Marius makes an unsuccessful attempt on a fortress of Jugurtha's, Sall. Jug. c. 103, 104. 648.-P. RUTILIUS RUFUS, C. MANLIUS MAXIMUS.—Bocchus sends deputies to Marius, who assembles a council to give them audience. The deputies are allowed to proceed as ambassadors to Rome, and the Senate grants Bocchus peace. Sylla goes to confer with Bocchus; is met by his son Volux, who attends him to his father. After some secret negotiation between Bocchus and Sylla, Bocchus betrays Jugurtha into the hands of the Romans. The conclusion of the Jugurthine War is quite as abrupt as that of the Conspiracy of Catiline. Jugurtha, being conveyed to Rome, was led in triumph, with his two sons, by Marius. But the humiliation which he experienced, on that occasion, was more than his haughty spirit could endure, and he lost his senses before the termination of the procession. He was then led to the Tullian dungeon, the same into which the accomplices of Catiline were afterwards thrown, and precipitated, with great ignominy and violence, to the bottom of it. In his descent, he is said to have exclaimed, "Heavens, how cold is this bath of yours!" He survived, according to Plutarch and others, six days. See Plutarch, Vit. Mar. Eutrop. iv., 11, seq. Eutropius, however, says that he was strangled in prison. At the end of some manuscript copies of the Jugurthine War is added the distich, Si cupis ignotum Jugurthæ noscere letum, But this was the production of somebody more willing to inform others than himself. "Sylla had medals distributed, on one side of which was the consul in his chariot, drawn by four horses abreast, holding in his right hand the reins, and in his left a palm-branch, with the inscription C. MARIUS, C. F. Cos., and on the other a head of Jupiter Capitolinus, with the words, L. CORNEL. SYLLA, PR. Q. It is a constant tradition, that the two great trophies which are still to be seen in the court of the Capitol at Rome, and which were transported thither from the Martian aqueduct, are those of Marius. But if they are his, it will not be easy to decide whether they are those of the conquest of Numidia or of the victory over the Cimbri. Petrarch, indeed, says that they are undoubtedly those of the victories over Jugurtha, but he is decidedly in the wrong when he adds that they are representations of those which Bocchus sent to be dedicated in the Capitol. Those of Bocchus, made of gold, and representing Jugurtha delivered by the king of Mauretania to Sylla, were of quite a different nature from those which we see cut in stone in the court of the Capitol. * * * For myself, I am inclined to think that one of the two refers to Jugurtha, and the other to the Cimbri. * * * * * * "The Romans did not immediately unite the whole of Numidia to their empire. A portion bordering on Mauretania was given to Bocchus, as a recompense for his services, and called New Mauretania. Another portion was given to Hiempsal II., whom Appian calls Mandrestal, son of Gulussa, and grandson of Masinissa. To Hiempsal II. succeeded his son Juba I., who took part in the civil war against Cæsar. Cæsar, having defeated him in the battle of Thapsus, united all Numidia to the Roman empire. Augustus restored to his son, Juba II., one of the most learned men of his age, the kingdom of his fathers. This Juba had two wives, Cleopatra, daughter of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and Glaphyra, daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and widow of Alexander, son of Herod of Judea. He was succeeded by Ptolemy, his son by Cleopatra; after whose death Numidia had no more kings, but continued a Roman province. A Numidian named Dac-Barnas, or the little Pharnaces, a name which the Romans metamorphosed into Tacfarinas, usurped the government of it with an army in the reign of Tiberius, but his struggles to retain it ended in his defeat and death, and made no alteration in the condition of the country." De Brosses. FRAGMENTS OF THE HISTORY OF SALLUST. Or these Fragments the greater part were collected from the grammarians, and other writers who have cited Sallust, by Paulus Manutius and Ludovicus Carrio. Subsequent critics have augmented, corrected, and illustrated them. That the Speeches and Epistles, which form the larger portion of them, have reached us entire, is owing to their preservation in an old manuscript, in which they had been added to the Conspiracy of Catiline and the Jugurthine War, and from which Pomponius Lætus extracted them for the press. Cortius. Of all who have endeavoured to illustrate these Fragments, the most successful has been De Brosses, who, by throwing light on many that were obscure, uniting some that had been disjoined, and supplying, from other writers, what appeared to have been lost, has given a restoration, as far as was possible, of Sallust's History in French. It must be allowed that the work which he has produced is worthy of being read by every student of Roman history. Sallust gave a historical record of the affairs at Rome from A.U.C. 675, when Sylla laid down the dictatorship, to A.U.C. 688, when Pompey, by the law of Manilius, was appointed general in the Mithridatic war. During this period occurred the civil disturbances excited by Lepidus after the death of Sylla, the wars of Sertorius and Spartacus, the destruction of the pirates, and the victories of Lucullus over Mithridates. To his narrative he prefixed a summary of events from the end of the Jugurthine War; so that the Jugurtha, the History, and the Catiline comprehended, in an uninterrupted series, the occurrences of fifty-five years, from 636 to 691. Burnouf All the Fragments of any importance are here translated. The names appended to them are those of the grammarians, or other writers, from whom they have been extracted. The text of them can scarcely be said to be settled; Cortius and Burnouf are the two editors that have bestowed most pains upon it. I have in general followed Burnouf. I HAVE recorded the acts of the Roman people, military and civil, in the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Quintus Catulus1, and the subsequent period. Donatus. Pomp. Messalinus. Marcus Lepidus and Quintus Catulus? They were consuls, A.U.C. 676, just Cato, the most expressive in style1 of all the Romans, said much in few words. Servius. Acron. Nor has the circumstance of being of an opposite party in the civil war ever drawn me away from the truth. Arusianus. The first dissensions among us arose from the depravity of the human mind, which, restless and untameable, is always engaged in a struggle for liberty, or glory, or power. Priscian. The Roman state was at the greatest height of power in the consulship of Servius Sulpicius and Marcus Marcellus3; when all Gaul on this side of the Rhine, and between our sea and the ocean, except what marshes rendered impassable, was brought under its dominion. But the Romans acted on the best moral principles, and with the greatest harmony, in the interval between the second and last Carthaginian war. Victorinus. Augustinus. But discord, and avarice, and ambition, and other evils after the abdication of Sylla. Ausonius mentions them, and alludes, at the same time, to the contents of Sallust's History, in his IVth Idyl, ver. 61: Jam facinus, Catilina, tuum, Lepidique tumultum, Ab Lepido et Catulo jam res et tempora Romæ 1 Expressive in style] Disertissimus. "Sallust had a particular regard for the History of Cato, which, in Sallust's time, had almost ceased to be read. He valued himself upon imitating his style, and his obsolete expressions. He found in his antique language an energy to which modern polish and accuracy scarcely ever attain. This is the quality which we Frenchmen so much regard in our ancient authors, as Comines, Amyot, and the incomparable Montaigne, writers who have never been surpassed for natural strength and ease of style." De Brosses. 2 The first dissensions, &c.] "This was the commencement of a preface, in which Sallust treated of the manners and condition of the city of Rome, and of the form of government, from the foundation of the city. The following frag. ments relate to the same subject." Burnouf. 3 Servius Sulpicius and Marcus Marcellus] A.U.C. 703. But discord, &c.] Compare Jig., c. 41; Cat., c. 10. |
