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greedily garners in the harvest of reputation, for springing traps upon the unwary, or imcongratulating himself upon possessing a mind posing upon the credulous. A book, through capable of exerting so wide an influence. He the medium of the "fourth estate," may be does not usually reflect that, possibly, his book introduced, first to the notice, then to the acowes its success less to the mind which con- quaintance, and finally to the confidence and ceived it than to the manner in which it was esteem of a reading public, as certainly and as published to the world. For in how many speedily as is the case, in the commercial world, instances has a good book fallen still-born from with men presenting proper letters of introducthe press, while another, by far its inferior, tion. And a good book, (sometimes, too, a bad has reached the topmost pinnacle of success, one) published by parties in whom the public and all through the management by which the have confidence, and kept constantly and books have been brought before the public. prominently before the public eye by a judiWe do not need to illustrate this position; a cious system of advertising, is as sure of sucIn this age of books, when every author, glance at the daily and other periodicals, and cessful circulation as though it contained an properly introduced, is assured a large circle of at the book advertisements they contain, will exposition of future events, or revealed the readers, and an ever-widening sphere of influ- convince any one that there exists the distinc-long-sought secret of the Philosopher's Stone. With very few exceptions, our publishers ence, it may not be amiss for those interested tion to which we have referred, and which are content to issue and announce a work, in the trade—whether through the investment will, as a general thing, account for the uneof money or mind-to ponder well the dis- qual reception and success attending books without pursuing the plan which alone pubtinction between the issuing and the publication whose intrinsic merits are of a uniform char-lishes and circulates it. How many have ofof a book. Instances which mark this distinc-acter. In one of his genial critiques, De Quin- tentimes looked in vain-in the proper places tion will occur to every one who weighs the two words, and observes their respective applications. Though too frequently used interchangeably, and as synonyms, there is a special significance to either word, which should prevent their indiscriminate use. For all printed books issue from the press under the auspices of some individual or firm, more or less interested in the success and general circulation of the work. Comparatively few, however, of the issues of our own day, or even of former years, can, with strict correctness, be said to have been published, in the true sense of the word. The publication of a book-seemingly so immaterial to its success, if viewed apart from the mental and mechanical accessories to its production-is, as we shall attempt to show, the hinge upon which depends the realization of the author's hopes, both as regards reputation and pecuniary remuneration. The book needs a publisher as much as it needs an author; and the selection of that publisher is sometimes even more important than the theme or the style of the work itself.

he

says,

cey, (in illustration of a very different point, for information as to the character, author-
however,) furnishes us with an argument which ship, size, price and various et cetera respect-
must have its weight. "It is well known," ing what ought to be popular publications, and
"to all who watch literature with vi- simply because the expense of advertising was
gilance, that books and authors have their for- an "item" to the publisher, have left unpur-
tunes, which travel upon a far different scale chased books which at the moment were deem-
of proportions from those that measure their ed indispensable. The inference is plain that
merits. Not even the caprice or folly of the the majority of books are not properly intro-
reading public is required to account for this. duced. We do not wish to pursue this subject
Very often, indeed, the whole difference be- further, but we recommend the trade, and au-
tween an extensive circulation for one book, thors as well, to study the true theory of pub-
and none at all for another of about equal mer-lishing, and to note the instances where enter-
it, belongs to no particular blindness in men, prise, energy and tact have been combined
but to the simple fact, that the one has, while with the art of fixing public attention, and thus
the other has not, been brought effectually un- securing that success to which the merits of
der the eyes of the public. By far the greater books and the respectability of publishers are
part of books are lost, not because they are re-not the surest passports.
jected, but because they are never introduced.
In any proper sense of the word, very few
books are published. Technically, they are
published: which means that for six or ten
known to attentive ears, or to ears prepared for
times they are advertised, but they are not made

attention."

Notes and Reviews.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, by J. S. C. Abbott. 2 vols. (Harper & Bros., N. Y.)

THE CONSULATE AND EMPIRE, by M. A. Thiers. 2 vols. (Lippincott, Grambo & Co., Phila.)

Not to bring into the account usages and Now it is just this preparation of the public Apart from the mere outline and dry statecustoms which have obtained in the "old for the reception and perusal of a book, which ment of well-known facts, how far short have world" of literature, we shall confine our re- determines the circulation of the work. How the writers of history come of giving to the world marks to the characteristics and claims of the much of management is to be employed- of readers the disinterested truth of the life of American book-market. Sydney Smith's where it shall begin-where it may stop-are taunting question, "Who reads an American questions which depend for their correct solubook?" has been answered triumphantly on tion upon the character of the book, and the the Reverend jester's own soil; and the mil- class of readers for whom it is intended. We lions who compose our reading public unite do not sympathise with the Barnum-like "dodgwith the myriads of Europe in alternate sighs es" resorted to by some publishers, in their and smiles, rejoicings and sorrowings, over the attempts to force upon the community comproductions of popular writers indigenous to mon-place and mediocre books - nor can either hemisphere. A clever book, published we consider that a wise course, which conon either side of the Atlantic, and properly fines itself to the mere announcement of a republished, awakens an echo which startles forthcoming work, and throws upon its own and delights its distant author, as he realizes resources and the cold charities of strangers, the immense field of influence thus opened to the little foundling thus left at the door of the him. He surveys with the utmost self-satis-public. There is a "golden mean" which

the world and its heroes. Each one is influenced by some distinct prejudice. It may be that this is scarcely known by themselves, and they flatter themselves, without much inward searching, that their narrative is as impartial and clear as the sun-light. Education, habits of thought, the bias of association, all are working silently and subtilely to undermine the strict basis tion lend a fascinating aid to build up that superof impartial truth, and the intellect and imaginaficial but beautiful structure called "the Romance of History." In writing the lives of distinguished men, a stand-point of favor or dis-favor is apt to be first taken, and facts and arguments brought to bear to sustain this position. Thus,

in Abbott's life of Napoleon, the very first statement of the author is that of unqualified love and veneration for his hero, which he makes the very groundwork of his labors. Under the influence of these feelings, he commences the record of his life, and in the perusal of his work this fact pursues us every where. This bias is so strong as oftentimes to over-ride the plainest deductions of common-sense teachings, as will be seen by recurring to a few of the leading events of Bonaparte's career.

he carries thence an army, and an accompanying sehemes of art and philanthropy. But he who naval force, with all the materiel of war, for the attains supreme power must be continually agiaccomplishment of an object, infinitely more tated with the thought of how many plots may imaginative than real. This campaign into be brewing against his sovereignty. This was Egpyt exhibits some of the darker sides of Na- continually in the mind of Bonaparte, and to poleon's character. Thus the wish to hasten the counteract it, he perfected that system of police death of the plague-stricken soldiers, by giving espionage with the renowned Fouché at its head. them opium, and the terible massacre of Jaffa. The conspiracy of Cadoudal, Pichegru and others Napoleon prided himself upon his progress in was discovered, and the principal brought to overturning old and effete dynasties, and on his punishment. But upon entirely insufficient having breathed a new life into the nations evidence the noble Duke D'Enghien was carried The early life of Napoleon is marked with wherever he went in his victorious course. In from the territories of a friendly Power, from his many interesting incidents, and the maturity of this he was in many cases successful, but what bed to his prison, and speedily to execution. his thought, the strength of his purpose, and the can be thought of going back to the practices of This barbarous and despotic proceeding, instead rapid force of his movements, are well develop the darkest ages in the realization of that horri- of having the effect which the First Consul ined in these pages, until we are brought to the ble butchery of the 2000 Turks. It is not tended, caused a universal cry of condemnation, impetuous desire and glory of his career, in his enough to say that the Turks had behaved like and completely annihilated, every vestige of reItalian campaigns. Napoleon was a subtle mas- barbarians in many instances. These prisoners spect for him, with many who would have been ter of the human heart; he knew where to touch had been led, by the manner of their treatment his friends, while it became the cause of another its chords, and how to bring forth the devotion and at first,to consider themselves as prisoners of war, war. Had he pursued a different course, and sublime enthusiasm of the soldier, not only, but of but in the hands of Napoleon they found them with wisdom governed, and conciliated all ranks men of almost every class. Even that act of selves marching between serrid ranks, and were in France, he might have held the sceptre thereVandal wrong, the carrying away of works of art placed where they could be mowed down with after with the united respect, not only of his own from their native Italy, was made acceptable to cannon and musketry, and afterward, to make countrymen, but of other nations. But the digthe pride and glory of France, while with show of assurance sure, bayoneted. Those skulls and nity of the First Consul could not satisfy the ammagnanimity he refused the price of their re- whitened bones, as long as they remain upon the bition of Napoleon, and he confessed that his demption. Mr. Abbott sees in all this nothing earth, will be an everlasting memento of the aim was higher. And Emperor he became, thus more than the mere removal of the trophies of most utter cruelty. We do not, it is true, look restoring again those old forms which France war. Yet in all times, where civilization has for much religion in the character of a man like had already outgrown, and which, in all his been at all the ruling principle, the creations of Napoleon, although Mr. Abbott tries hard to pompous orations, he had so inveighed against. those grand masters of Painting and Sculpture show that he had a very wonderful reverence With kingly power came despotic authority and have been regarded as the heir-looms of the for the mission of our Savior, yet to turn as it government, and that department, which has the places where they reposed; and standing before were a traitor to the faith in which he was espionage of every citizen, became so formidable, them, as they rose up in beauty and grandeur, brought up, stems somewhat monstrous, especias even to cause disquiet to the Emperor himself. the conquerors of cities and countries have gazed ially when that altered reverence is for an imposwith admiration and wonder, nor dared to raise ter like Mahomet. If not so, why do we find a spoiling hand. But Napoleon knew that every him making the usual Arabic exclamation with picture sent to France was a witness in his fa- seeming favor, and trying to impress upon the vor, and that every thing that could enrich her, Turks his predicted coming and divine authority. was paving the way to his ambitious end. Thus, It cannot of course be doubted for an instant, too, he fed the springs of Italian freedom, we that Napoleon wished to make himself, in the 'may well suppose, with many a feeling of scorn eyes of the Turks, something superhuman, and for the tyrants that had crushed it, and with thought perhaps they would be credulous some hope and desire to make liberty the God- enough to believe him. With the capture of ess of Right; but he well knew, too, that when his fleet by Nelson, Napoleon's last hope of Eastthe people should tumultuously break forthern conquest vanished. Already had the soldiers from old-established slavery, into a comparative murmured, and revolt with difficulty had been state of freedom, he, the author and savior, the suppressed. How should he escape from his grand regenerator, might ask what he pleased, difficulties? With the promptness for which he and it would be accorded without a murmuring voice. Thus millions of tribute supported his army, and filled the coffers of his country. This was all well, as far as it was the voice of the people; but when, in the fullness of his power, he forced those who were not benefited by his victories, neither had been in arms against him, to receive him in generous and hospitable state, while he exacted a heavy tribute, both of gold and valuable works of art, it became nothing better than robbery. The splendor of his victories, the rapid culmination of his powerful genius, as displayed in war and peace, the magnanimity of many of his actions, should not blind the historian to less enviable traits in his character, or lead him to gloss over actions, which cannot bear the scrutiny of truth. What possible excuse can be urged for the expedition to Egypt. A country at peace with France, distant from the theatre of all Napoleon's exploits,

was always famous, the barge was soon manned
which carried him away from the sandy deserts
to the ship that was to convey him to la belle
France. What mattered it that a few thousand
companions-in-arms were left to dismay, death
and capture! France, the goal of his ambition,
was before him, a desperate venture behind.

No one can withold admiration at the contemplation of Napoleon's plans of advancing the glory and permanent dignity of France. Had he so continued, and moderated his ambition to his own land, nor suffered his dreams of glory to extend beyond its boundaries, nor his military vanity to get the better of his cool judgment; had he not sacrificed the warm affection of a woman who almost adored him, to that burning ambition to perpetuate his name to succeeding ages; had he not sought in unjustifiable ways to elevate his family to thrones, which they could neither claim of right, nor hold by force of talent, he might have reigned even to the end of his life. The divorce of Josephine was the beginning of his downfall. As in the physical, so in the moral laws of God's government, no one law can be outraged with impunity without its just punishment. To say that the good of France required such a sacrifice of every principle of love and honor, is simply a monstrous assertion.

But, in fine, this work of Mr. Abbott's is a conHis country again received him with rejoicings, nected series of pleasing anecdotes, full of the and while the plaudits of the crowd still rung on highest adulation, and a romance which perverts his ear, with deep policy he retired as it were from the facts of history. It seems to have been public life, and gave himself up to seeming study, written to please aspiring youth, who see nothall the while by secret emissaries gaining that ing but the glitter of arms, and the rush of knowledge which should serve to advance his armies, nor look behind at the motives which grasping ambition. This was soon attained-prompted their movements. The author does one step followed another, until he became, in fact, the dictator of France. At first, one cannot but admire the activity and comprehensive ness of his great mind, in producing order and industry throughout France, in stimulating every branch of labor, and in projecting noble

not calmly view the bearing of correspondent facts, nor make an acute analysis of the inner springs of action in the human heart, and the temptations to which it is and may be subjected, but all things are brought to the original standard of admiration. The hero is never suffered