tween the hours of 9 A. M. and 4 P. M. Until 2 P. M. the buildings are open to visitors, but at that hour they are closed to all but official employés. An annual report to Congress, in detail, is made by each head of a department, giving the expenditure of its contingent fund, together with the number and name of all employés and the salaries paid to each. The total number of persons employed in the several branches of the civil service is 132,072; total number in the departments at Washington, 3,433.

State Department.-This occupies the south pavilion of the State, War, and Navy Depart ment Building, on Seventeenth Street, south of Pennsylvania Avenue and immediately west of the Executive house. The structure is in the style of the Italian Renaissance, and consists of three harmonious buildings, with connecting wings. This department was established July 27, 1789, under the name of Department of Foreign Affairs, its secretary bearing the same title. On Sept. 15, 1789, it received its present denomination, its duties being also extended. The total number of employés of this department is 1,345; in department proper, 78. All diplomatic intercourse of the United States with foreign powers is conducted by the Secretary of State, who instructs and corresponds with all ministers and consuls and negotiates with foreign ministers. He holds the first rank among members of the Cabinet, and, by act of Jan. 19, 1886, is designated to succeed to the presidency in the event of a vacancy in both Executive offices. He is custodian of the Great Seal of the United States, and affixes it to documents and commissions. He also preserves the originals of treaties and of all laws and resolutions of Congress, and directs their publication, with amendments to the Constitution and proclamations of admission of new States into the Union. He grants and issues passports, and makes annual report to Congress of commercial information received from diplomatic and consular sources. There is an assistant secretary, salary, $4,500; a second assistant secretary, salary, $3,500; and a third assistant secretary, salary, $3,500. There are six bureaus, the chiefs of which receive $2,100 yearly, viz.: Bureau of Indexes and Archives; Diplomatic Bureau, in three divisions (total number employed in diplomatic service abroad, 63); Consular Bureau, in three divisions (same countries allotted to each as in Diplomatic Bureau-total number employed in consular service abroad, 1,204); Bureaus of Accounts, of Rolls and Library, and of Statistics. The appropriation for the diplomatic and consular service for the year 1888 was $1,429,942.44.

Treasury Department.—The building is of Ionic architecture, at Fifteenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, 582 × 300 feet. This department has existed since Feb. 11, 1776, under a resolution of the First Congress of Delegates, assembled in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia,

providing for a committee of five to superintend finances. The Treasury was successively extended until on Sept. 2, 1789, it was organized as a department. Subsequent additions have been made to its officers. The total number employed in the Treasury service is 15,228; in the department proper, 2,477. The duties of the Secretary of the Treasury embrace the collection and disbursement of the national revenues, plans for the improvement of which he devises and the support of the public credit. He annually submits to Congress estimates and accounts of expenditures of appropriations, warrants for payment of which are issued by him, as also for the covering in of funds. He also superintends the coinage and printing of money, the construction of public buildings, the administration of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, lifesaving, lighthouse, revenue-cutter, steamboat inspection, and marine hospital branches of the public service, and collection of statistics. There are two assistant secretaries, with annual salaries of $4,000. The office work is in 10 divisions, viz.: warrants, estimates, and appropriations; appointments; customs; public moneys; loans and currency; mercantile marine and internal revenue; revenue marine; stationary, printing, and blanks; captured property, claims and lands; mails and files and special agents. The following are the principal officers of the Treasury:

First Comptroller.-Office established Sept. 2, 1789. Countersigns all warrants issued by the secretary, and receives accounts from First and Fifth Auditors (with exception of customs returns), and from the Commissioner of the General Land-Office; revises them, and certifies balances. Salary, $5,000.

Second Comptroller. - Office established March 3, 1817. Revises accounts from Second, Third, and Fourth Auditors. Salary, $5,000.

Commissioner of Customs, more properly Third Comptroller.-Office created March 3, 1849. Certifies accounts of receipts in general from customs, and disbursements for collection of them, also for revenue-cutter, life-saving, and shipping services, seal-fisheries in Alaska, lighthouses, marine hospitals, etc. Commissions customs officers, approves bonds, files oaths, etc. Salary, $4,000. The total number employed in collection of customs is 4,356; in the revenue marine, 997.

Six Auditors, salary $3,600 per annum each, receive all accounts of Government expenses, which they certify in following order:

First Auditor.-All accounts accruing in the Treasury (except those of internal revenue), including contingent expenses of Congress, Judiciary, etc. The work of the office is in 5 divisions, viz: customs; judiciary; public debt; warehouse and bond; miscellaneous. Office established Sept, 2, 1789.

Second Auditor.-Accounts in part of War Department, for pay of army, back pay and bounty, Soldiers' Home, and various inilitary institutions, expenses relating to Indians, etc.

Fifth Auditor.-Accounts of the State Department and internal revenue, census, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum, etc. Office established March 3, 1817.

Sixth Auditor, in the Post-Office Department building. Adjusts finally all accounts for postal service, subject to appeal to the First Comptroller. Collects debts, etc., of the PostOffice Department. Office established July 2, 1836.

Treasurer of the United States.-Office established Sept. 2, 1789. In charge of all public moneys on deposit in the Treasury at Washington, in nine sub-treasuries at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans, San Francisco, St. Louis, Chicago, and Cincinnati, and in the national bank United States depositaries. Pays the interest on the public debt and salaries of members of the House of Representatives. Trustee of bonds for national bank circulation and custodian of Indian trust fund bonds. Salary, $6,000.

Register of the Treasury.-Office established Sept. 2, 1789. Official book-keeper of the United States. Prepares an annual statement to Congress of all receipts and disbursements of public funds, signs and issues all bonds, and registers warrants. Salary, $4,000.

Comptroller of the Currency.-Office established June 3, 1864. Under direction of the secretary, he controls the national banks. The number of these is 294. Salary, $5,000.

Solicitor.-Chief law-officer of the Treasury, with special cognizance of revenue frauds. Approves bonds, etc. Salary, $4,000.

Commissioner of Internal Revenue.-Office established July 1, 1862. Duties, assessment and collection of internal taxes, preparation of instructions and stamps. The work of the office is in 8 divisions, viz., appointments, law, tobacco, accounts, distilled spirits, stamps, assessments, revenue agents. Salary. $6,000. The total number employed in the service is 3,218. A laboratory, with chemist and microscopist, for tests of oleomargarine, under the act of 1886, is attached to this bureau.

Director of the Mint.-Salary, $4,500. The total number of employés in the 3 mints and 6 assay offices in the United States is 948. The amount of silver required to be coined monthly, by act of Feb. 28, 1878, is $2,000,000.

Supervising Architect of Treasury.-Office established 1853. Salary, $4,500. The total number employed on public buildings is 655. Commissioner of Navigation.-Salary, $3,600. Number of employés, 46.

Superintendent of the Life-Saving Service. -Service reorganized June 18, 1878. Salary, $4,000. The number of life-saving stations is 213; of employés, 242.

Superintendent of Steamboat Inspection.Salary, $3,500. He presides at meetings of Board of Supervising Inspectors on the third Wednesday in January. The number of employés is 164.

Supervising Surgeon- General of Marine Hospital Service.-Instituted 1799; office, No. 1421 G Street, N. W. Salary, $4,000. The number of employés is 406.

Light-House Board.-Organized Aug. 31, 1862; employs 1,321 persons.

The following bureaus occupy separate buildings, viz.:

Bureau of Engraving and Printing, corner Fourteenth and B Streets, S. W. The number of employés is 895. The number of sheets of securities produced in 1888 was 38,038,939; cost, $948.819.29. The chief of the bureau has a salary of $4,000.

Bureau of Statistics, No. 407 Fifteenth Street, N. W. The number of employés is 35. The chief of the bureau has a salary of $3,000. It furnishes annual reports on commerce and navigation, internal commerce, annual statistical abstract, quarterly reports on commerce, navigation, and immigration, monthly statement of imports and exports, reports on total values of foreign commerce and immigration, of exports of breadstuffs, of provisions, of petroleum and cotton.

Coast and Geodetic Survey.-Building south of the Capitol. Reorganized April 29, 1843. The superintendent's salary is $6,000. Besides annual reports to Congress, it publishes maps and charts of our coasts and harbors, books of sailing-directions, and annual tide-tables. The number of employés is 173.

War Department.-Established Aug. 7, 1789; occupies the north wing of the State, War, and Navy Department Building. The total number in the service, including the army of the United State, Signal Corps, etc., is 31,958; in the department proper, 1,536. All duties of the military service, purchase of supplies, transportation, etc., devolve upon the Secretary of War, who is also invested with affairs of a civil nature. He provides for the taking of meteorological observations, arranges the course of studies at the Military Academy, supervises the work and expenditures of the engineer corps, and purchases real-estate for national cemeteries. He controls the appropriation of the Mississippi River Commission, and directs the construction of piers or cribs by owners of saw-mills, the removal of sunken vessels obstructing navigation, etc., and regu lates bids for contracts. The headquarters of the army are in the War Department. The standing army of the United States numbers 27,159 men. The army appropriation for the fiscal year 1888 was $23.724,718.69. Salary of the general, $13,500. Chiefs of bureaus of

War Department have the rank of brigadiergeneral. Salary, $5,500. They are:

Adjutant-General, has 5 assistants. Promulgates orders of the President and the general of the army, conducts correspondence, has charge of enlistment, recruiting service and muster-rolls, and general discipline. Office force, 590; staff corps, 17.

Inspector-General, has one assistant. Reports upon personnel and material of the army, inspects posts, stations, depots, etc., and accounts of disbursing officers. Force of office, 5; staff corps, 7; detailed officers of the line, 4.

Quartermaster-General, has 5 assistants. Provides transportation, quarters, clothing, etc, for the army. In charge of national cemeteries. Force of office, 164; staff corps, 61. Number of civilian employés at military departments outside of Washington, 1,563. Commissary General, has 2 assistants. In charge of Subsistence Department. Force of office, 40; staff corps, 26.

Surgeon-General, has 6 assistants. Force of office, 437; staff corps, 195. Number of civilian employés in various places, 313.

Paymaster-General, has 1 assistant. Pays the army. Force of office, 48; staff corps, 48. Number of army paymasters, rank of major,

42.

Chief of Engineers, has 3 assistants. Has direction of all fortifications, survey, and improvements of rivers and harbors, engineers' work in the field, bridges, etc. Force of office, 64; staff corps, 109; engineer battalion, 450.

Chief of Ordinance, has 3 assistants. In care of arsenals, artillery service, and all weap ons and munitions of war. Force of office, 40; staff corps, 59.

Judge Advocate-General, has 1 assistant. He is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice. Force of office, 13; staff corps, 8.

Chief Signal Officer. Superintends Signal Service. Number of stations, 182; force of office, 227; staff corps, 17; signal corps of the army, 487. The first systematic synchronous meteoric reports were taken in the United States Nov. 1, 1870. Cautionary signals on the Atlantic and Gulf coast were established in October, 1871.

Office of Publication of War Records, corner of G and Twentieth Streets, N. W. Force of office, 26.

The Army Medical Library and Museum, in the National Museum, employs 46 persons.

The appropriation for the Military Academy at West Point, N. Y., for 1888, was $419,936.93.

Navy Department.-Established April 30, 1798. It occupies the south half of the east connecting wing of the State, War, and Navy Department Building. Total number in service, including United States Navy and Marine Corps, 15,429; in the department proper, 257. The Secretary of the Navy has general direction of the construction, equipment, manning, armament, and employment of all vessels of war of

The

the United States. The office of the Admiral of the Navy is in Washington; salary, 13,000. The total number on the active list of the navy is 9,006; on the active list of the Marine Corps, 1,992. The total number of pay-clerks, cadets, etc., at navy yards and stations is 3,770. navy appropriation for the fiscal year 1888 was $25,767,348.19. The following are the bureaus, organized in 1862, the chiefs of which receive salaries of $5,000: Bureau of Yards and Docks; Navigation (the judge-advocate-general-salary, $4,500-is attached to this bureau); Ordnance; Equipment and Recruiting; Provisions and Clothing; Medicine and Surgery; Construction and Repair; Steam-Engineering. There are also the Naval Observatory at Washington, Twenty-third and E Streets, N. W., ; superintendent's salary, $5,000. Hydrographic Office, hydrographer's salary, $3,000. Office of the Nautical Almanac, superintendent's salary, $3,500.

Interior Department.-Established March 3, 1849, occupies the building known as the Patent-Office, covering two squares between Seventh and Ninth and F and G Streets, N. W.; style, Doric. The total number employed in the service is 9,154; number appointed by the President and secretary, 3,600. The legal organization of the department places under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior all business of public lands and surveys, Indians, pensions, patents, railroads, education, the commissions of interstate commerce and the United States Pacific Railway, the architect of the Capitol, and certain hospitals in the District of Columbia. He has also the direction of the census, and is invested with certain powers and duties in the Territories. There are two assistant secretaries; salary, $4,000 each. The following officers are heads of bureaus:

Commissioner of Patents, salary,$5,000, has 1 assistant. Prior to the organization of the Interior Department, patents were issued by the Secretaries of State and War and the Attorney-General. The number of employés is 578. The receipts of the office in six months ending June 30, 1888, were $508,091.26.

Commissioner of Pensions, salary $5,000, has 2 deputies and 1 medical referee. Office established March 2, 1833, under the Secretary of War; transferred to the Interior Department March 3, 1849. The Pension building is in Judiciary Square. The number of employés is 1.554; number of pension agencies, 18; appropriation for 1888, $83,152,500.

Commissioner of the General Land-Office (in the Patent Office building), salary $4,000, has 1 assistant; office established April 25, 1812, in the Treasury Department. The number of employés is 468. The Land-Office audits its own accounts. The number of landoffices, is 111; surveyor-generals, 15.

Commissioner of Indian Affairs (Second National Bank building, Seventh Street, N. W.), salary 4,000; has 1 assistant. Office established July 9, 1832. The number of employés

is 101; Indian agents, 60; Indian appropriation for the fiscal year 1888, $5,226,897.66.

Commissioner of Education (corner of G and Eighth Streets, N. W.), salary, $3,000. Bureau established March 2, 1867. The number of employés is 41.

Commissioner of Railroads (corner G and Eighth Streets, N. W.), salary, $4,500. Bureau established June 19, 1878. The force of the office is 7.

Director of the Geological Survey (Hooe Building, F Street, N. W.), salary $6,000. Of fice established March 3, 1879. The number of employés is 240.

Interstate Commerce Commission (Sun Building, F Street, N. W.), appointed Feb. 4, 1887. The number of Pacific Railway commissioners is three.

The officers in the District of Columbia under the Interior Department, are: Recorder of Deeds, Register of Wills, and Inspector of Gas-Meters.

Post-Office Department, established, temporarily, Sept. 22, 1789, and permanently, May 8, 1794. Occupies the Post-Office building, covering one square between Seventh and Eighth and E and F Streets, N. W. Style, Corinthian. The number of employés in the department and postal service is 94,386; in the department proper, 600. The appropriation for the fiscal year 1888, was $55,694,650.15. The Postmaster-General appoints all officers and employés of the department, with the exception of his three assistants, and all postmasters in the United States at a salary less than $1,000. He makes postal treaties, awards contracts, and directs the foreign and domestic mail service.

First Assistant Postmaster-General, salary, $4,000. In charge of Appointment Office, with 5 divisions.

Second Assistant Postmaster-General, salary, $4.000. In charge of Contract Office, with 3 divisions.

Third Assistant Postmaster-General, salary, $4,000. In charge of Finance Office, with 4 divisions.

The other officers of the Post-Office Depart

ment are:

Superintendent of Foreign Mails (corner Eighth and E Streets, N. W.), salary $3,000.

Superintendent of the Money Order System, (corner of Eighth and E streets. N. W.), salary, $3,500. Work of office in 6 divisions,

Superintendent of Dead-Letter Office.-The number of employés is 110, and the work of the office is in 6 divisions. The number of pieces of mail matter treated in the office during the year 1887 was 5,578,965.

The number of postmasters in the United States is 54,774; assistant postmasters, 384. The number of employés in Railway Mail Service, is 4,760. The number of pieces of mail matter handled by them in 1887 was 5,851,394,057. There are foreign agencies of the PostOffice Department at Shanghai and Panama, in charge of the consuls-general.

Department of Justice.-Established June 22 1870. Opposite Treasury building, on Pennsylvania Avenue. The office of Attorney-General was created Sept. 24, 1789. The total number employed in the service is 1,800; in the department proper, 89. The AttorneyGeneral, as chief law-officer of the Government, furnishes advice and opinions to the President and heads of Executive departments upon all legal questions referred to him; represents the United States in the Supreme Court, the Court of Claims, and any other court, when deemed necessary; supervises and directs United States attorneys and marshals in the several judicial districts of the States and Territories, and provides special counsel for the United States when required by any department. His assistants are: Solicitor-General, salary, $7,000; two Assistant Attorney-Generals, salaries, $5,000. The law-officers of the Executive Department, allowed by the act of 1870, are the Solicitor of the Treasury, salary, $4,500; Solicitor of Internal Revenue, salary, $4,500; Assistant Attorney-General for Department of the Interior, salary, $5,000; Assistant Attorney-General for Post-Office Department, salary, $4,000; Naval Solicitor, salary, Examiner of Claims, State Department, salary, $3,500.

The number of United States district attor neys is 70; number of assistants, 65; number of special assistants, 39; number of United States marshals, 70; number of deputies, etc., 1,467.

Department of Agriculture, South Washington, opposite Thirteenth Street; established May 15, 1862. The first distribution of rare grains, seeds, plants, etc., under the Commissioner of Patents, was made on July 4, 1836; the first propagating garden established in 1858. The number of employés is 408. The appropriation for the department for the fiscal year 1888, was $1,028,730. The duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture is to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information connected with agriculture, and to procure, propagate, and distribute new and valuable seeds and plants. The following are the principal officers: Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry, bureau established May 29, 1884, for investigation of diseases among animals. Entomologist, investigates insect-ravages; section of silk-culture established 1884. Botanist, section of vegetable pathology established July 1, 1886. Chemist, analyzes butter, soils, fertilizers, etc.; experiments in manufacture of sugar. Microscopist, for this and other departments. Statistician, collects statistics from domestic and foreign sources. The number of State agents is 23; 1 in England. The divisions are: Forestry, ornithology, pomology, seeds, propagating garden, library.

Department of Labor, Kellogg Building, No. 1416 F Street, N. W. By act of June 13, 1888, the Bureau of Labor of the Interior Depart

ment, established June 27, 1884, was erected into a department, "the general design and duties of which shall be to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with labor, in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and especially upon its relations to capital, hours of labor, the earnings of laboring men and women, and the means of promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity." Until the complete organization of the department has been effected, the condition of the bureau remains the same. The number of employés under the legal organization is 64.

Closely connected with the above-named departments are:

The United States Civil-Service Commission.-Offices in City Hall building; established Jan. 16, 1883, "to regulate and improve the civil-service of the United States." The commissioners receive salaries of $3,500 each; the Chief Examiner, $3,000. Examinations are held for places in the departmental, customs, and postal services in every State and Territory of the Union.

Government Printing Office.-This establishment is at the corner of North Capitol and H Streets, Washington. The total number of employés is 2,038. The Public Printer has a salary of $4,500.

One officer of the Department of Justice, and one medical officer from the army, navy, and Marine Hospital Service, respectively, are detailed to the National Board of Health, established March 3, 1879.

GRAY, ASA, botanist, born in Paris, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1810; died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 30, 1888. He was descended from a ScotchIrish family, who emigrated to this country in the early part of the last century, and in 1795 his grandfather settled in the Sanquoit valley. When a boy he fed the bark-mill and drove the horse of his father's tannery; but, as he showed a greater fondness for study than for farm-work, his father sent him to the Clinton Grammar School. In 1825 he entered Fairfield Academy, where he spent four years, and his first interest in botany was aroused by reading on that subject in Brewster's "Edinburgh Encyclopædia.' A story is told of his eager watching for the first spring beauty in the spring of 1828, which, by the aid of Amos Eaton's "Manual of Botany," he found to be the Claytonia Virginica. Owing to the wishes of his father, and probably his own inclination, he entered himself as a student at the Medical College of the Western District of New York in Fairfield, Herkimer County, and in 1831 he was graduated at that institution. The sessions were short, and the remainder of his time was spent in study with physicians in the vicinity. His leisure was occupied in gathering an herbarium, and he began a correspondence with Dr. Lewis C. Beck and Dr. John Torrey, who aided him in the determina

tion of his plants. He never entered upon the practice of medicine, but, on receiving his degree, became instructor in chemistry, mineralogy, and botany in Bartlett's High School in Utica, N. Y., where he was an instructor from 1831 till 1835. In 1832 he gave a course of lectures on botany at the Fairfield Medical School, and in 1834 he delivered a course on mineralogy and botany at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y. During the year 1833-34, he was assistant to John Torrey, then Pro

fessor of Chemistry and Botany at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, but that institution could not afford to retain his services, and in 1836, through the efforts of Dr. Torrey, he was made curator of the New York Lyceum of Natural History. Dr. Gray's earliest papers in botany-"A Monograph of the North American Rhyncosporæ " and "A Notice of Some New, Rare, or Otherwise Interesting Plants from the Northern and Western Portions of the State of New York "-were read before the Lyceum in December, 1834, and in 1836 his first text - book, "Elements of Botany," was published in New York. This volume, with various revisions, was widely adopted in schools and academies, and for a long time was almost the only text-book on botany in popular use.

In 1836 Dr. Gray was appointed botanist of the exploring expedition to the South Pacific, under Capt. Charles Wilkes, but, owing to the delay in the starting of the expedition, he resigned that place in 1838. Meanwhile, he became actively associated with Dr. Torrey in the preparation of the "Flora of North America," Parts I and II of the first volume of which were issued in July and October, 1838; and in November of that year he sailed for Europe to consult the various herbaria that contained large numbers of American plants made by foreign collectors. He visited England, Scotland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and