day, and took his first degree in 1809, proceeding M. A. in 1812. In the university he gained first-class honors, both in classics and mathematics, and carried off all the four annual prizes open to the competition of all undergraduates and bachelors respectively-the "Newdigate," the "Latin Verse," the "Latin Essay," and the "English Essay." The subject of his Newdigate prize, "The Apollo Belvedere," was so ably handled, that the essay has been a tradition of the university from that time to the present. Soon after taking his second degree he was elected a Fellow of Brasenose College. In 1815 he published "Fazio, a Tragedy," which was successfully brought upon the stage at Covent Garden, and has been reproduced with fair success at intervals ever since. In 1817 he took orders, and was shortly after appointed Vicar of St. Mary's, Reading. În 1818 appeared his "Samor, Lord of the Bright City, an Heroic Poem," which was followed, in 1820, by "The Fall of Jerusalem," a beautiful dramatic poem, with some fine sacred lyrics interspersed. In 1821 he was appointed Professor of Poetry at Oxford, and in the course of the same year published three other poems "The Martyr of Antioch," "Belshazzar," and "Anne Boleyn." He was already a valued and frequent contributor to the Quarterly Review, and his criticisms on authors were looked for with interest. In 1826 this young and brilliant clergyman and professor, now in his thirty-fifth year, was appointed Bampton Lecturer, that honor to which so many ripe scholars among the English clergy aspire, and to which so few of them attain. The lectures were delivered and published the next year. The subject he had chosen was, "The Character and Conduct of the Apostles considered as Evidences of the Christian Faith," and, to the surprise of all his hearers, it was treated somewhat dramatically, beginning with a tableau of the apostolic company. The young Oxford professor had not thus far found, with all he had accomplished and attained, his true vocation, but he was drawing toward it. John Murray, his publisher, had projected a series of works under the title of "The Family Library," which were to comprise, in their wide scope, history, poetry, science, fiction, and adventure. To Professor Milman he assigned "The History of the Jews," expecting, probably, a safe, though somewhat dull, manual of Old Testament history. But the brilliant author was not satisfied with appearing as a dull, hackneyed compiler, and he produced a work, readable enough, and fascinating from its elegance of style, but so liberal and tolerant in its spirit as to offend the stricter school of ecclesiastics, and withal defective in its statements of important facts in the realm of biblical criticism. The book was, nevertheless, popular, and, nearly forty years later, its author revised and almost entirely rewrote it, introducing the wealth of biblical lore which he had been all those years engaged in accumulating.

Mr. Murray's next commission to Professor Milman was the editing and annotating of Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." The research into Gibbon's authorities, which he found necessary in this undertaking, developed the latent historical genius in Milman, and gave him the first impulse toward the preparation of those great historical works which are alike the evidences of his profound research, his extraordinary impartiality, and his great critical powers. The elegance and finish of his style, its stately grandeur, and its unsurpassed lucidity and simplicity, make his works models of "English undefiled." The gorgeous exuberance of his earlier writings dis appears, but the brilliancy remains to embel lish the solid substratum of fact, carefully ascertained and collated, which it serves to adorn. His first really historical work, "The History of Christianity from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire," in three volumes, was not published till 1840, after more than ten years of diligent study. The same year he published also a collected edition of his "Poetical Works containing some pieces besides those already mentioned. In 1831 Lord Melbourne hal given him the crown living of St. Margaret's Westminster, and in 1849 Lord John Russel conferred on him the deanery of St. Paul's, which he held till his death. After the publi cation of his "History of Christianity," he ap plied himself with great assiduity to the work which was to be the crowning labor of his life: and, though possessing that rare faculty, for å historian, of knowing just where to put his hand upon the facts he needed, it was fourteen years before he had completed his "His tory of Latin Christianity, including that of the Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V in six volumes. This work is one of learning and chastened eloquence; it displays a gre of human nature in its religious workings and its wide sympathies, and aspires at impartiality. which entitle its author to take rank with the prominent English historians. Besides the works we have named, Dean Milman als published a "Memoir of Lord Macaulay,” a "Life of John Keats," an exquisite illustrated edition of Horace, with notes, translations e the "Agamemnon" of Eschylus, the "Ba cha" of Euripides, and some of his favorites among the minor Greek poets, and "Hebrew Prophecy, a Sermon," the two latter published in 1865. He had also at the time of his death completed for publication his "History of St Paul's Cathedral." In breadth of learning, in dignified but not stilted eloquence as a writer, and in brilliancy and geniality in social life it will be long ere we shall find the equal of the gifted Dean of St. Paul's.

MINNESOTA. The number of the inha itants of this vast State has not reached half a million yet, though it has been steadily and largely increasing; her vote cast on Novem ber 2, 1868, amounted to 71,824, but it

1860 it was 34,823. As Governor Marshall says, in his message to the Legislature, dated January 7, 1869: "From estimates based upon the returns of the school census, and from the vote at the late election, it is reliably ascertained that the population of the State is about four hundred and forty-five thousand." Her condition, however, appears to be one of general prosperity, with still brighter prospects for the future, especially in regard to the development of her many and ample resources.

Concerning her finances, the Governor states the principal transactions of the treasury during the fiscal year, ending November 30, 1868, to have been: "The entire redemption of the State bonds issued under the act of July, 1858; the addition of $500,000 to the educational funds; the collection of $102,823.02 from the General Government, on account of war expenditures; the negotiation of a loan of $100,000, for the erection of State buildings, and the expenditure of $127,000 for such purposes, and the reduction of the State debt, $25,000."

The State receipts from all sources, in 1868, were $836,990.02, and the disbursements $762,315.90; leaving a balance in the treasury of $74,234.12. The receipts comprise the above-mentioned $102,823.02, collected from the General Government, and the loan of $100,000 for State buildings, which are both extraordinary items; while the disbursements include $243,731.25, "invested for school fund," and $114,981.92, "a State apportionment to schools."

The recognized funded debt of the State is $300,000, made up by three loans of equal sums, negotiated in 1862, for war purposes, and in 1867 and 1868, for building charitable institutions. The contingent, or floating debt, is $20,000, which the Governor states to be the "smallest floating debt that has ever been at the end of a fiscal year;" adding that "the funded debt is also smaller than it has ever been since the war loan of 1862. The balance in the revenue fund-$23,892.35-is the largest it has ever been before at the end of the year." Her accounts with the United States for war expenditures have been nearly all settled, as the said $102,823.02 collected in 1868, with other sums received on the same account in former years, leaves a balance of only $48,666.44 yet due to her on that account. Of this sum he anticipates that $25,000 will probably be collected, by furnishing explanations and vouchers, and for the rest it is necessary "to await further legislation of Congress, applicable to all the States having war claims."

The estimated revenue of the State for 1869 is $367,642.35, and the expenditure $286,867.89. The surplus, $80,784.46, "may be applied to the erection of buildings for State institutions."

The value of taxable property is set down, in the assessment for 1868, at $75,000,000,

which is $10,000,000 more than for 1867. The present mode of assessment seems imperfect, or wrong, and the Governor ascribes the defect in a great measure to "the unfaithful execution of the law on the part of assessors." One among the bad features of the system now in operation is the possibility that "he who is assessed has to pay double to cover the loss that results from his neighbor's property escaping assessment." Governor Marshall urges the adoption of effectual means "to secure a just and full assessment of all kinds of property, in order that the burdens of the government may be equally distributed;" and anticipates that by this means, in the rapidlyincreasing public wealth, the State tax "from five mills on the dollar, as it now is, would in one or two years be reduced to four." As the tax imposed on the citizens for State purposes constitutes a very small part of the burden which they must bear under the name of taxation, seven-eighths of it belonging to "town, city, and county taxes," the Governor recommends "care in the passage of bills authorizing local taxation."

Upon the fact that special and private legislation absorbs fully two-thirds of the business transacted in the Senate and House of Representatives, while the State pays for all the printing, Governor Marshall, pointing to the example of other States, recommends a State tax to be laid "on all private acts," which "would either produce a handsome revenue, or impose a wholesome restraint on special legislation."

Concerning public instruction, the land granted by the Federal Government to the State, for school purposes, is estimated at 3,000,000 acres. A little above one-tenth of it has been disposed of, including 76,810 acres sold in 1868 for $464,840.61. The amount to be received from the sale of the whole, making allowance for inferior land in some parts, is estimated at $16,000,000. This will constitute the permanent school fund, and its annual interest, the general school fund. The Governor says that the last-named fund "amounted, in 1868, to $115,794.38, and was distributed to the several school districts, in proportion to the number of children."

The State of Minnesota takes commendable care that her youth generally should receive the benefits of education in the elements, as well as in the higher branches of knowledge, and her citizens appear individually animated by the same spirit, with gratifying results. The school statistics for 1868, taken from the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and embodied in the Governor's message, seem interesting enough to be here subjoined, and are as follows:

The whole number of school districts in the State in 1868 was 2,353. Increase for the year, 146. The number of districts which failed to report was 178, so that the statistics are incomplete.

The whole number of children in the State, by the returns of 1868, were 129,108, an increase of 14,682 over 1867. The number attending school in

1868 was 81,696. Showing a gratifying increase of 15,887 over 1867.

The whole number of teachers in 1868, in both summer and winter schools, was 3,276. Increase over 1867, 691. Amount paid teachers in 1868, $322,785.16. Increase in the year, $67,798. Value of school-houses in the State in 1868, $1,091,559.42. Increase for the year, $345,168.42. The cost of school

houses built in 1868, $288,687.37.

Whole amount received from the school fund in 1868, $245,943.13. Increase for the year, $78,079.60. Whole amount received from taxes voted by districts in 1868, $369,278.35. Increase for the year, $143,606.16. Whole amount expended for school purposes in 1868, $805,369.05. Increase for the year, $68,836.68. The report says: "Minnesota has a larger number of school-houses than any other State in the Union, of the same population and taxable property. Her total expenditures for school purposes during the last two years exceed $1,500,000, and her school-houses have already cost over $1,000,000."

Three normal schools, destined to the training of future teachers for the common schools, have also been established at different points in the State, the first two of which were attended last year by 164 students; the third one is entering now upon its course of operation.

The State University bids fair to become the brighest ornament, as well as an invaluable source of utility to Minnesota. Last year it was attended by 109 students; but till now it has been preparing, as it were, a thorough organization for a complete and permanent institution. During the last year's session of the Legislature, a bill was introduced in the Senate purporting to reorganize the State University, and transferring to it the eighty-six thousand acres of land previously granted by the State for an agricultural college, together with the obligation of meeting the requirements of the grant. This bill passed the Senate on February 12, 1868, and the House of Representatives on the 17th of the same month. On account of the new department thus added to the university, a suitable tract of land near its site has lately been purchased for an experimental farm. According to the report of its regents, the university will be opened at the beginning of the next term, and fully enter into "the classical, scientific, and agricultural courses.'

Forty-six thousand acres of land were granted by Congress to Minnesota "for a Territorial University," in 1851, and as many "for a State University" in 1857, when the people of that Territory were enabled to form a State government. Though the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and the Secretary of the Interior, would regard the second grant to be not an addition to, but only a confirmation of the first, yet a bill declaring that the two grants are distinct, and the lands of both assigned by the Federal Government to the University of Minnesota, "passed the Senate just before the close of the last session of Congress, and is now before the House, and its passage is confidently expected."

The debts of the university, amounting in the ceeds of the sale of 14,000 acres of the 1851 aggregate to $125,000, were paid with the progrant, and 8,277 more acres of its lands were sold last year for $50,462.38, which has been invested as a permanent fund. The land remaining at present to the university, from the two grants of Congress, and that of the State for the agricultural course, is 164,000 acres, estimated at $1,000,000.

disbursements $7,693.50. No appropriation is Its receipts in 1868 were $8,319.55, and the asked for it; as it is expected "that the income will be sufficient for all ordinary expenses." A library and apparatus, however, which the regents represent to be urgently needed, the Governor says, "if it is consistent with other demands on the treasury, should be supplied by the State."

The State Historical Society, which now o cupies the basement of the capitol fitted up for it, is praised by the Governor on account of the progress made by it during 1868. He reeommends its wants to the Legislature, and also a further appropriation of $500 for the State Library in order to enable it to increase the number of volumes in its law department which, he says, "should be well kept up," and is in fact of the greatest importance to the public.

The State charitable institutions seem to be well taken care of. The Governor recom mends appropriations necessary to complete the buildings destined for the reception ar treatment of the insane-the place wherea they are at present temporarily kept at an er pense of above $31,000 in 1868, and an esti mated one of $10,000 more for 1869, being healthy, because not large enough, and wanting the accommodations required for their comfort

He expresses his gratification in regard to the Institute of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, speaking of its conduct and management as well as of the treatment and progress of the inmates in their respective conditions as leving little or nothing to wish for them. He re ommends a workshop in the asylum, that is inmates, when they leave it, may take care of themselves.

The Governor speaks of the Normal Reform School and the thirty-six juvenile criminals who are its inmates in this, the first year of its establishment. By steadily pursuing such a course in its management and discipline as is now in operation, which he pronounces to be per fect, he confidently hopes that the erring you will be there both reformed and educated t become useful members of society. The expenses of this institution in 1868 were $ and for 1869 are estimated at $9,000. He re ommends increased building accommodations as needed.

The number of convicts in the State Prison at the end of November, 1868, was 43, three less than in 1867 at the same date. The Gor ernor states that the number of convicts re ceived in 1868 was 31. The discharged, on ex

piration of term, 18; by pardon, 8; by military order, 6; died, 2. The general management of the prison has been good. The expenditures have been kept within appropriations. The expenses of 1868 were $16,915.07. The earnings of the prison-labor of convicts and board of United States convicts were $6,179.31. He requests the Legislature to favor the suggestions of the warden and inspectors for some improvements in the State Prison, "if it can be done consistently with the needs of other State institutions."

Commendable interest is also taken by the State, and not without success, for collecting her soldiers' claims against the Federal Government for back pay, bounty, and pensions. The report of the Adjutant-General for 1868 "shows the collection of 2,284 claims during the year, amounting to $227,912.35. Since the organization of the bureau of claims in that office in March, 1865, 5,090 cases were prepared and forwarded to Washington, of which 3,698 were allowed up to December 1, 1868, amounting in money value to $380,312.66." For that class of soldiers, among the Minnesota inhabitants, who enlisted in 1861 and 1862 for three years, but who, having been discharged on account of disability within two years of their time, have received no bounty, and for other classes who have not received bounty equal to that given the latter volunteers, Governor Marshall urges the Legislature to memorialize Congress in order "that justice should be done them."

Referring to the first report of the AdjutantGeneral, he recommends that the State Arsenal should be kept well provided, and never left with less than five thousand stands of good arms, besides the other things necessary for its outfit.

As the number of the soldiers' orphans is yearly increasing with the successive deaths of ex-soldiers, or their widows, he calls the attention of the Legislature to the subject, and hints at the erection of a Soldiers' Orphan Asylum, by saying that "measures may be taken to ascertain the wants of this class, and, if need be, to provide at the present session for their care." The expenses of the State charitable institutions are met at present from the general revenue fund. This being liable to be overburdened, and its means possibly diverted to purposes less necessary than the maintenance of said institutions, whose expenditures must steadily increase with the population, the Governor recommends the erection of a special fund, destined exclusively to the support of the charitable institutions of the State, by "setting apart for that purpose the revenues received from the railroads, together with a one-mill tax." He says that "the application of the railroad revenues to this very necessary purpose would protect them from diversion or application to less necessary objects."

In connection with the public works of benevolence and the commendable interest

taken by the State of Minnesota to provide for the wants of those within her limits who are in a condition of suffering, the prompt and efficient manner in which her citizens responded last fall to the loud cry for help raised outside, by the people of the Red River Settlement in the British possessions, seems worthy of mention. The number of these people, who have no nearer civilized neighbors than the frontier settlements of Minnesota, and this at a distance of four hundred miles, consists of about fifteen thousand persons, one-third farmers, who provide the colony with breadstuffs and vegetables, and one-third buffalo-hunters, who furnish it with dry meat and furs for the long winter. Both kinds of food entirely failed the colonists in 1868, the farmers having gathered not one bushel of grain, or any thing else, because the grasshoppers, like the plague of the locusts, had eaten up to the roots every plant in the fields. The hunters found no game whatever, because the buffalo disappeared last year from their usual haunts, or went to parts unknown. Instead of returning home well fed themselves and with ample provisions for the colony, this army of hunters came back empty-handed; their yoke-oxen and riding horses, they had been compelled, in their long absence, to slaughter and eat up, to keep themselves from starvation upon the prairie. The tidings of so great a calamity reached the State of Minnesota through a circular of the Bishop of St. Boniface, stating the sad facts and appealing to the humanity of charitable people everywhere. As soon as they were known, the Chamber of Commerce at St. Paul appointed a committee of five, who, on September 8th, published a statement of these facts, calling upon all for help, and taking upon themselves the charge of speedy transmission of the contributed means of subsistence to the sufferers. A meeting was also held by prominent citizens of that city, Governor Marshall among them, in which, upon his motion, the following resolutions were adopted:

Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that a fund to purchase and transport to Georgetown, Minn., not less than ten thousand bushels of wheat should immediately be raised to relieve the famine in the

Red River Settlement.

Resolved, That the Chamber of Commerce of St. Paul be requested to take charge of this subscription, to organize a canvass of this city, and to make an appeal to other cities in behalf of this object.

Resolved, That subscriptions be received for this object from all persons present at this meeting.

Hereupon a subscription list was opened, and liberal sums set down by all present. Committees were also appointed to act as agents, soliciting contributions everywhere in the State.

In order to increase the rather scanty population of Minnesota, and with it her general prosperity by the development of her resources, the Governor urged the Legislature to favor immigration by all means in their power. He stated that, with the $3,000 appropriated at their last session for the publication and dis

tribution of pamphlets (the printing only being done at the State's charge), 35,000 copies of Hewett's pamphlet (in English), 5,000 of Kilholtz's (in German), and 5,000 of Colonel Mattson's (in the Scandinavian languages), were distributed in 1868, their editions having been exhausted several months before the end of the year. He submitted, also, a report of Mr. Joseph V. Prince, of New York, and a circular of the Citizens' Association of the same city, tending to direct immigration to Minnesota and inviting the coöperation of the State.

It appears worthy of being noticed that with a population not amounting to half a million persons, all included, the State of Minnesota had in 1868 no less than 1,382,690 acres of land under cultivation, and in the same year gathered from it a product of 16,126,825 bushels of wheat, 4,598,760 of corn, 6,103,500 of oats, and 1,608,900 of potatoes. Her grain specimens sent to the Paris Universal Exhibition were honorably mentioned by the judges. But, besides gathering such abundant crops from her soil, she had also last year from the woods 249,267,918 feet in logs, 41,000,000 feet of sawed lumber, 9,500,000 laths, and 500,000 shingles manufactured; the market value of said lumber product being estimated at $3,750,

000.

All this seems to give unmistakable proof of the natural resources of the State as well as of the activity, resolution, and energy of her inhabitants.

There appears to be good ground for believing that, besides her other great resources, Minnesota possesses no little mineral wealth in the northeastern portion of her territory, heretofore regarded as sterile and almost valueless. From the judgment given by several eminent geologists, who have repeatedly explored the place, and more from the results of numerous experiments made by practical miners, "the northeastern region of Minnesota, including Vermilion," is declared to be a mineral country; the district which contains the precious metals "extending from the Falls of St. Louis River, on the north shore of Superior, to beyond Fort William in the British possessions." It is affirmed, on the results obtained from numerous assays, that the surface rocks of the Vermilion veins, and the rocks of other points, yield on an average $25 per ton, at a cost of about $8 for extracting the gold. There being at Vermilion abundance of wood at hand for mining operations, the working of mines would leave a profit large enough to make it a well-paying business.

With regard to the advantages of merchandise and passenger transportation by railway, on December 1, 1868, there were 559 miles of it in actual operation within the State. Of the said number, 128 miles were constructed and opened during the year, and the directors of the several companies have declared their intentions still to extend their respective lines in

flow into Minnesota from outside railroads, than she can derive from those running within her own limits. By the completion of the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad, whose whole line it is confidently expected will be opened in 1870, and by the establishment of a line of vessels from Erie to Lake Superior, in competition with the New York roads and canals for the carrying trade of the Upper Lakes, Governor Marshall anticipates that the transportation of one bushel of wheat from St. Paul to New York or Philadelphia will not cost then as much as it now does to Milwaukee or Chicago. This difference, he says, would make an increase "of three million dollars in the value of our wheat crop of 1868." With still greater earnestness does he speak of the construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad from Lake Superior to Puget's Sound, which "awaits the action of Congress on bills now before it, giving aid to the road similar to that given to the Union Pacific Road." The Governor reeommends that the Minnesota Legislature "should urge upon Congress, by resolution and memorial, the claims of the Northern road for the necessary aid." Besides being of vast general importance, because it affords easier grades and shortens the distance to San Francisco by 525 miles from New York, and by 673 miles from Chicago, the working of the Northern Pacific Railway would prove of inestimable benefit to Minnesota in particular, as it would traverse in its course the northern half of the State, "giving such local advantages and development to that less favored por tion of the State as no other agency will afford." Above all, it could not fail to occasion the cor struction of lateral lines, which would develop the vast region north and west of the Minne sota, both within the United States and British America; while the communication and intercourse of that State with all around being thus immensely augmented, her commerce and manufactures, her population and wealth, would also necessarily be increased in the same proportions.

Governor Marshall also recommended a memorial to Congress to aid the work of clearing the obstacles existing in the waters between the Upper Mississippi and Lake Michigan, and thus opening a thorough navigation from one to the other. It is ascertained that the cost of transportation, which is now paid to railroads at the rate of 18 mills per ton per mile, would be then by water no higher than 4 or 6 mills.

Early in the session of 1868 a bill was introduced in the Senate, purporting "to amend the State constitution by striking the word white out of it," the proposition to be submitted to the people "on the same ballot with the gen eral ticket" at the presidential election in November. The Republican members of both Houses had also a meeting among themselves, on February 11th, in which they resolved, "That it is the sense of this caucus that the