...interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and...concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression'. Hence the checks and balances of the US Constitution. Thus, in a liberal constitution, the essence...

...its causes; the other, by controlling its effects" (ibid. p. 51). According to Madison, the majority "must be rendered, by their number and local situation,...concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression" (ibid. p. 54). This cannot be achieved within a direct democracy but through the principle of representation,...

...helm". Also, with regard to citizens he adds: "if the impulse and the opportunity coincide unhindered, we well know that neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control". On both sides, then, the vagaries of individual 131 morality are to be reckoned with. According to...

...much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for the common good."9 Indeed, "if the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide, we well know that neither moral or religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control" to prevent "schemes of oppression."10...

...in a majority at the same time must be prevented; or the majority, having such co-existent passion ht alone to have the defence of them. The motion was liable to strong objections. It was earn,' into effect schemes of oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide,...

...Montesquieu's views on religion and human nature, Madison stated that historical evidence demonstrated that "neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control" to prevent corruption in government.58 Like Ellsworth, he too concluded that religious tests would...

...wanted to control religious enthusiasm, believed the civic value of religion was limited; he argued that "neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control" of injustice and violence.60 Madison intended to counterpose interest against interest, passion against...

...in a majority at the same time, must be prevented; or the majority, having such co-existent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and...motives can be relied on as an adequate control." (The Federalist Number 10, November 22, 1787, PIM 10: 267.) Also, Madison saw a need for faction checking...

...manufacturing or planting interest. "If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide," he argued, "we well know that neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control."29 On September 17, 1787, after four months of debate and compromise, all but three of the...