Slaying the dragon : the history of addiction treatment and recovery in America
William L. White (Author)
"This is the remarkable story of America's personal and instituional responses to alcoholism and other addictions. It is the story of mutual aid societies: the Washingtonians, the Blue Ribbon Reform Clubs, the Ollapod Club, the United Order of Ex-Boozers, the Jacoby Club, Alcoholics Anonymous and Women for Sobriety. It is a story of addiction treatment institutions from the inebriate asylums and Keeley Institutes to Hazelden and Parkside. It is the story of evolving treatment interventions that range from water cures and mandatory sterilization to aversion therapies and methadone maintenance. William White has provided a sweeping and engaging history of one of America's most enduring problems and the profession that was birthed to respond to it"--Back cover
Print Book, English, 1998
Chestnut Health Systems/Lighthouse Institute, Bloomington, Illinois, 1998
History
xvi, 390 pages : illustrations ; 28 cm
9780938475071, 093847507X
38356267
I. THE RISE OF ADDICTION AND PERSONAL RECOVERY MOVEMENTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
THE SEEDS OF ADDICTION MEDICINE AND PERSONAL RECOVERY MOVEMENTS
Early American drinking
Benjamin Rush and the birth of the American disease concept of alcoholism
A new republic on a binge
The rise and evolution of the American temperance movement
Alcoholics and the evolution in temperance philosophy
Early involvement of alcoholics in the temperance movement
From individual struggle to shared recovery
The tortured saga of Luther Benson
THE WASHINGTONIAN REVIVAL
Founding and growth of the Washingtonians
The Washingtonian program
John Hawkins and John Gough
The Washingtonian demise
The Washingtonian legacy
FRATERNAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES AND REFORM CLUBS
Osgood's Reformed Drinkers Club
Reynold's Red Ribbon Reform Clubs
Francis Murphy's Blue Ribbon Reform Clubs
Reform clubs' operation and spread
The Business Men's Moderation Society
II. THE BIRTH OF ADDICTION TREATMENT IN AMERICA
THE RISE AND FALL OF INEBRIATE HOMES AND ASYLUMS
Pre-asylum days: knowledge of addiction
Pre-asylum day[s]: care of the addicted
The earliest institutions
Types of institutions
Sponsorship and financing
Relationship with other community institutions
Early professionalization: the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates
The decline of the inebriate asylums
A post-mortem of the inebriate asylum movement
INEBRIATE HOMES AND ASYLUMS: TREATMENT METHODS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND OUTCOMES
The staff
The patients: a demographic profile
The patients: a clinical profile
Treatment philosophies
Treatment methods
The family and the inebriate asylum
Aftercare
Reported treatment outcomes
The treatment of alcoholism and other addictions in women
FOUR INSTITUTIONAL HISTORIES
The New York State inebriate asylum
The Boston Washingtonian home
The Chicago Washingtonian home
The San Francisco home for the care of the inebriate
FRANCHISING ADDICTION TREATMENT: THE KEELEY INSTITUTES. Humble beginnings of a national phenomenon
Keeley: on the causes of inebriety
The Keeley patients
The Keeley staff
The Keeley treatment
The mail-order business
The Keeley leagues
Reported treatment outcomes
Other gold cures
Early controversies and critics
Turn-of-the-century decline
The later Keeley years: 1900-1966
The Keeley legacy
MIRACLE CURES OF ALCOHOLISM AND OTHER ADDICTIONS
The context
The products
Promotional schemes
Exposés and legislative reform
Continued presence of fraudulent "cures"
Fraud as a theme in the early history of treatment
RELIGIOUS CONVERSION AS A REMEDY FOR ALCOHOLISM
Religion and recovery: historical roots
Skid Row, the Bowery, and the birth of the rescue mission
Jerry McAuley's Water Street mission
The Salvation Army
America's Keswick Colony of Mercy
Early professional views on religion and recovery
Conversion and recovery: the ideas of William James
Later professional perspectives
Critics of religious approaches to alcoholism recovery
ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT SETTINGS: 1900-1940
The inebriate farm/colony
Alcoholism and city hospitals
Alcoholics in local psychopathic hospitals and state psychiatric hospitals
Drying out the rich and famous: a continuing story
The saga of Willie Seabrook
The Charles B. Towns hospital for the treatment of drug and alcholic addictions
PHYSICAL METHODS OF TREATMENT AND CONTAINMENT
Physical treatments for alcoholism between 1840 and 1950: an overview
Eugenics: sterilization and benign neglect
Natural therapeutics
The water cures
Drug therapies: 1860-1930
Convulsive therapies
Psychosurgery and addiction: the lobotomy era
Miscellaneous treatments
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ALCOHOLISM AND ADDICTION TREATMENT
The psychoanalytic approach
The Emmanuel Clinic and the lay therapy movement
Aversion therapy: early efforts
IV. TREATING ADDICTIONS TO NARCOTICS AND OTHER DRUGS
1880-1925
The use of cocaine as an addiction cure, and Freud's retraction
Cocaine, morphine, and the father of American surgery
Opiate addiction: a hidden disease
Drug treatments and drug cures before the Harrison Act. Drug treatment, the Harrison Act, drug enforcement, and the Supreme Court
The morphine maintenance clinics
1925-1950
Voices of protest
1920-1950: medical detoxification and hidden drug maintenance
Dr. Thomas Ratigan, Jr.: villain or hero?
Phantastica and narcotics research
The federal narcotic forms
The addiction research center
The world outside Lexington and Ft. Worth
V. AA AND THE MODERN ALCOHOLISM MOVEMENT
THE BIRTH OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS: A BRIEF HISTORY
Carl Jung and Rowland H.'s failed psychotherapy
The Oxford group
The Oxford groups, Ebby T. and Bill W.'s "hot flash"
Bill W. meets Dr. Bob
A.A. identity and early A.A. growth
Grandiose visions
The "big book"
Early rituals
The period of explosive growth
A maturing A.A
Those who shaped the A.A. treatment relationship (Bill Wilson, Dr. Bob Smith, Dr. William D. Silkworth, Sister Ignatia, Dr. Harry M. Tiebout)
THE PROGRAM OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS
Defining the A.A. program
A.A. steps and A.A. practices
A.A. experience and A.A. logic
Identity reconstruction within A.A
Reconstruction of personal relationships
Reconstruction of daily lifestyle within A.A
Reframing: the curse that became a blessing
The recovery program of A.A. and its predecessors: shared characteristics
Innovations in A.A.'s program of recovery
A.A.'s organizational structure and practices
A.A's mission
A.A.'s philosophy of addiction
A.A.'s prescription for short- and long-term recovery
Carrying the message of A.A. recovery
Internal A.A. relationships
Defining A.A. membership
The expected duration of A.A. participation
Power and decision-making in A.A
The voice of A.A
A.A. relationships with allied fields and related causes
Managing member growth
Leader development
Managing the issues of money, property, and personal ambition
Social context and organizational endurance
A.A. CRITICS AND A.A. LEGACY
Stretching A.A.'s gateway of entry: women and people of color in A.A
A.A.'s place in history
A.A. AND THE PROFESSIONAL CARE OF ALCOHOLICS: 1935-1960
Visions of A.A. hospitals
The Knickerbocker paradox: actions of A.A. versus actions of A.A. members. St. Thomas: the beginning of a model
Model evolution: A.A. involvement with private and public hospitals
Model extension: A.A. and private hospitals, sanitaria, and psychiatric institutions
A.A. members as moral and business entrepreneurs
The boundary between treatment and A.A.: the story of High Watch
The distinction between A.A. and treatment
A.A. and alcoholism treatment: a synopsis
THE "MODERN ALCOHOLISM MOVEMENT": THE CORE
The context
The alcohol and alcoholism movements
The volatility of the post-repeal period
Research council on the problems of alcohol
The Yale Center of alcohol studies
The National Committee for Education on Alcoholism
THE "MODERN ALCOHOLISM MOVEMENT": THE PERIPHERY
Changing medical opinion on alcoholics and alcoholism
The alcoholism movement in the workplace
Alcoholism movement in the church
Municipal, state, and federal responses to alcoholism
R. Brinkley Smithers: private philanthropy and the alcoholism movement
The role of A.A. and recovered alcoholics in the alcoholism movement
The role of the alcohol beverage industry in the alcoholism movement
The legacies of the alcoholism movement
Origin of the modern disease concept
VI. MID-CENTURY ADDICTION TREATMENT
THE BIRTH AND SPREAD OF THE "MINNESOTA MODEL"
Pre-A.A. history
The story of Pat C
Pioneer House
Hazelden: the early years
Willmar State Hospital
Hazelden: the continuing story
Further Minnesota developments
Defining the Minnesota model
Why Minnesota?
The spread of the Minnesota model
Further contributions to the Minnesota model
MID-CENTURY ALCOHOLISM TREATMENTS
Organizational activity in the alcoholism field: 1950-1960
Expanding knowledge and ideas about alcoholism
Mid-century alcoholism treatment: an overview
A.A. and mutual aid: 1950-1971
Other mutual aid societies: Alcoholics Victorious and the Calix Society
MID-CENTURY ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT: TREATMENT METHODS
Hypnosis revisited
Physical methods of alcoholism treatment: an overview
Nutrition, alcoholism, and vitamin therapy
ACTH: alcoholism and endocrine dysfunction
The use of tranquilizers, anti-depressants, mood stabilizers, and sedatives. Benzedrine in the treatment of alcoholism
Antabuse and other antidipsotropics in the treatment of alcoholism
LSD and the treatment of alcoholism
Miscellaneous and multi-drug therapies
The carbon dioxide treatment for alcoholism
Advances in psychosocial rehabilitation technology
The halfway house movement
MID-CENTURY ADDICTION TREATMENT: THE RISE OF NEW APPROACHES
The legal context
Medical and psychiatric context
Juvenile addiction: the story of Riverside Hospital
Community-based support of institutionalized addicts
Religious approaches to addiction recovery
Narcotics Anonymous
Synanon: the birth of ex-addict directed therapeutic communities
The therapeutic community movement
The therapeutic community: treatment methods
MID-CENTURY ADDICTION TREATMENT: PART TWO
Civil commitments
Methadone and modern narcotic maintenance
The methadone critics
Methadone, Watergate, and federal narcotics control
Narcotics antagonists
Multimodality treatment systems: the story of the Illinois Drug Abuse Program
Lexington and Fort Worth: the twilight years
VII. ADDICTION TREATMENT IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY
THE MODERN EVOLUTION OF ADDICTION TREATMENT
Reaching critical mass
The Cooperative Commission on the Study of Alcoholism
The deluge of addiction treatment legislation
Local sponsorship and organization
Two worlds: alcoholism and drug abuse
Early programs: what it was like
Alcoholism: an insurmountable illness
Program accreditation and licensure
Three worlds: public, private, and military
The rebirth of addiction medicine
An evolving workforce
A hidden story: the exploitation and relapse of recovering alcoholics and addicts
Professionalization: training, credentialing, and worker certification
Explosive growth
Early intervention programs
Recovery as a cultural phenomenon
Expansion and diversification of mutual-aid societies
Competition, profit, and profiteering
Ethical context and breaches of ethical conduct
The financial backlash
The ideological and cultural backlash
The crash
A panicked field in search of the soul and its future
MODERN ADDICTION TREATMENT: SEMINAL IDEAS AND EVOLVING TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY. Eleven seminal/controversial ideas
The concept of inebriety reborn
From a single to a multiple pathway model of addiction and recovery
The biology of addiction
Toward a developmental model of alcoholism recovery
Addiction as a chronic disease
The continuum-of-care concept
Rethinking motivation: pain versus hope
Needle exchanges: a harm-reduction case study
Natural recovery, spontaneous remission and maturing out
The question of controlled drinking and drug use
Codependency: popularization and backlash
Treatment of special populations and treatment in special settings
The public inebriate
Changing responses to the drunk driver
Gender-specific treatment
Adolescent treatment
The employed alcoholic/addict
Treating impaired professionals
Treatment in the military
Cultural-specific and culturally competent treatment
The addicted offender
Treating addicts with HIV/AIDS
The multiple-problem client
Modern addiction treatment technologies
Treatment evaluation research
PARKSIDE: A RICH LEGACY AND A CAUTIONARY TALE
The birth
Early influences
The early program
Contrasts between Lutheran General and Hazelden
The treatment term
The role of the alcoholism counselor
The A.A./treatment center relationship
Al-Anon and family programming
Early diversification
Evaluation research
Model dissemination
Explosive growth
Later diversification
The demise
Lessions and legacies
A lasting legacy
SOME CLOSING REFLECTIONS ON THE LESSONS OF HISTORY
Approaching history
Recovery
Addiction science
The rise of treatment institutions and mutual-aid societies
Observations on the treatment field
Treatment in relationship to community and society
The fall of treatment institutions and mutual aid
The future of treatment
Final words
Text in English